{"id":1996,"date":"2020-05-05T18:11:14","date_gmt":"2020-05-05T16:11:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/vyuzitie-proteomiky-pri-diagnostike-a-monitoringu-ochoreni\/"},"modified":"2020-05-06T09:42:50","modified_gmt":"2020-05-06T07:42:50","slug":"proteomics-in-the-diagnostics-and-monitoring-of-diseases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/proteomics-in-the-diagnostics-and-monitoring-of-diseases\/","title":{"rendered":"Proteomics in the diagnostics and monitoring of diseases"},"content":{"rendered":"

*<\/strong>All tables, charts, graphs and pictures that are featured in this article can be found in the .pdf attachment at the end of the paper.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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V klinickej praxi sa neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uje v\u00fdznam laborat\u00f3rneho vy\u0161etrenia na zistenie aktu\u00e1lneho stavu pacienta. Jedn\u00fdm z nich je identifik\u00e1cia prote\u00ednov v klinick\u00fdch vzork\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e1 vedie k diagnostike chor\u00e9ho pacienta. Modern\u00e9 proteomick\u00e9 pr\u00edstupy zalo\u017een\u00e9 na hmotnostnej spektrometrii pom\u00e1haj\u00fa zis\u0165ova\u0165 zmeny bielkovinov\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia biologick\u00fdch vzoriek alebo monitorova\u0165 proces lie\u010dby po podan\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch l\u00e1tok. V neposlednom rade d\u00e1vaj\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165 identifikova\u0165 biomarkery n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch aj nen\u00e1dorov\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed v jednoducho dostupnom klinickom materi\u00e1li. \u010coraz \u010dastej\u0161ie sa kladie d\u00f4raz na ich zavedenie do klinick\u00e9ho laborat\u00f3ria, preto\u017ee s\u00fa citlivej\u0161ie v porovnan\u00ed so zau\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi diagnostick\u00fdmi technikami.<\/p>\n

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Proteomika a hmotnostn\u00e1 spektrometria<\/h2>\n

Proteomika, vych\u00e1dzaj\u00faca z prote\u00ednovej ch\u00e9mie, je od svojho vzniku v 90. rokoch 20. storo\u010dia ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo sa rozv\u00edjaj\u00facou vednou discipl\u00ednou, ktor\u00e1 sa venuje \u0161t\u00fadiu prote\u00f3mu. Pod pojmom prote\u00f3m ch\u00e1peme s\u00fabor v\u0161etk\u00fdch prote\u00ednov v organizme, na rozdiel od gen\u00f3mu je v\u0161ak prote\u00f3m dynamick\u00fd a jeho zlo\u017eenie sa v bunke men\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti od \u010dasu, miesta alebo fyziologick\u00e9ho stavu. Pojem prote\u00f3m prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t pou\u017eil Marc Wilkins v roku 1994 pri charakteriz\u00e1cii bielkov\u00edn patog\u00e9nnej bakt\u00e9rie, pri\u010dom pod t\u00fdmto pojmom rozumel prote\u00ednov\u00fd komplement gen\u00f3mu(1).<\/p>\n

Hmotnostn\u00e1 spektrometria je analytickou technikou, ktor\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edva separ\u00e1ciu nabit\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc v elektrickom alebo magnetickom poli pod\u013ea pomeru ich hmotnosti a n\u00e1boja (m\/z). T\u00e1to citliv\u00e1 technika sa v spojen\u00ed s chromatografick\u00fdmi pr\u00edstrojmi vyu\u017e\u00edva v klinickej praxi na identifik\u00e1ciu a kvantifik\u00e1ciu mal\u00fdch molek\u00fal, ako s\u00fa lie\u010div\u00e1, metabolity, drogy, pestic\u00eddy alebo tox\u00edny. V posledn\u00fdch rokoch sa v\u0161ak hmotnostn\u00e1 spektrometria vyu\u017e\u00edva aj na anal\u00fdzu v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch molek\u00fal, peptidov a prote\u00ednov. Umo\u017enilo to najm\u00e4 zavedenie tzv. m\u00e4kk\u00fdch ioniza\u010dn\u00fdch techn\u00edk, napr. MALDI (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption\/Ionization<\/em>) a ESI (Electrospray Ionization<\/em>). Ako prv\u00e1 sa do zdravotn\u00edckej praxe etablovala technika MALDI-MS, ktor\u00e1 sa vyu\u017e\u00edva v klinickej mikrobiol\u00f3gii na r\u00fdchlu identifik\u00e1ciu bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed(2). Pre jednotliv\u00e9 bakteri\u00e1lne kol\u00f3nie s\u00fa vytvoren\u00e9 hmotnostn\u00e9 spektr\u00e1 dominantn\u00fdch bielkov\u00edn a in\u00fdch biomolek\u00fal, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa ak\u00fdsi unik\u00e1tny \u201eodtla\u010dok prsta\u201c sk\u00faman\u00e9ho organizmu. Jeho softv\u00e9rov\u00fdm porovnan\u00edm s data- b\u00e1zou referen\u010dn\u00fdch spektier m\u00f4\u017eeme n\u00e1sledne r\u00fdchlo z\u00edska\u0165 jeho mikrobiologick\u00fa identitu.<\/p>\n

Proteomika, ktor\u00e1 za posledn\u00fdch 30 rokov pre\u0161la v\u00fdvojom oh\u013eadne citlivosti, presnosti, v\u00fdkonu a dynamick\u00e9ho rozsahu, predstavuje v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti perspekt\u00edvne rie\u0161enie pre mnoh\u00e9 klinick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky(3). Spolo\u010dne s hmotnostnou spektrometriou umo\u017e\u0148uje meranie absol\u00fatneho alebo relat\u00edvneho zast\u00fapenia tis\u00edcov prote\u00ednov v jednej vzorke. Tie s\u00fa, ako u\u017e bolo spomenut\u00e9, v organizme variabiln\u00e9 a ich mno\u017estvo je dynamick\u00e9. Preto niektor\u00e9 z detegovan\u00fdch prote\u00ednov, tzv. biomarkery, m\u00f4\u017eu sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 ako indik\u00e1tory konverzie biologick\u00fdch procesov na patog\u00e9nne alebo farmakologick\u00e9 odpovede na terapeutick\u00fd z\u00e1sah. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa hmotnostn\u00e1 spektromet- ria okrem proteomiky vyu\u017e\u00edva aj v toxikol\u00f3gii, testovan\u00ed lie\u010div alebo v opera\u010dn\u00fdch s\u00e1lach, kde je chirurgick\u00fd n\u00f4\u017e pripojen\u00fd k hmotnostn\u00e9mu spektrometru, pri\u010dom je schopn\u00fd rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi zdrav\u00fdm a rakovinov\u00fdm tkanivom(4). Hmotnostn\u00e1 spektrometria aplikovan\u00e1 v toxikol\u00f3gii je schopn\u00e1 identifikova\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ie percento vzoriek pozit\u00edvnych na omamn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky v porovnan\u00ed s imunodetekciou(5).<\/p>\n

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Spracovanie vzorky<\/h2>\n

Cie\u013eom proteomickej anal\u00fdzy je popis \u010do najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho mno\u017estva prote\u00ednov vo vzorke. Tie musia by\u0165 najprv enzymaticky roz\u0161tiepen\u00e9 na peptidy, pri\u010dom si zachov\u00e1vaj\u00fa vn\u00fatorn\u00fa aminokyselinov\u00fa sekvenciu, ktor\u00e1 je potrebn\u00e1 na identifik\u00e1ciu bielkoviny. Zmes peptidov m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 n\u00e1sledne separovan\u00e1 na kvapalinovom chromatografe s priamou anal\u00fdzou na tandemovom hmotnostnom spektrometri (LC-MS\/MS). Z\u00edskan\u00e9 hmotnostn\u00e9 spektr\u00e1 predstavuj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 objemy d\u00e1t, na ktor\u00fdch spracovanie sa vyu\u017e\u00edva bioinformatika. Pomocou nej s\u00fa zo spektier odvoden\u00e9 aminokyselinov\u00e9 sekvencie prote\u00ednov, ktor\u00e9 vzorka p\u00f4vodne obsahovala (obr\u00e1zok 1)<\/strong>. Pou\u017ei- t\u00edm tohto pr\u00edstupu mo\u017eno identifikova\u0165 napr. v HeLa bunk\u00e1ch okolo 4 800 r\u00f4znych prote\u00ednov po\u010das jednej LC-MS\/MS anal\u00fdzy trvaj\u00facej 140 min\u00fat(7).<\/p>\n

V klinick\u00fdch laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1ch sa na diagnostiku mnoh\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa vzorky krvnej plazmy, tkaniva ale- bo mo\u010du. Napr\u00edklad, bielkovina fetu\u00edn-A v mo\u010di sl\u00fa\u017ei ako biomarker na stanovenie rizika tvorby obli\u010dkov\u00fdch kame\u0148ov. \u0160t\u00fadia vedcov z Ir\u00e1nu uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee hodnoty fetu\u00ednu-A v mo\u010di a pravdepodobnos\u0165 vzniku obli\u010dkov\u00fdch kame\u0148ov medzi sebou inverzne koreluj\u00fa(8).<\/p>\n

Vy\u0161etrenie sa d\u00e1 robi\u0165 aj zo sl\u00edn alebo in\u00fdch biologick\u00fdch tekut\u00edn. V pr\u00edpade vzoriek sl\u00edn bolo objaven\u00fdch p\u00e4\u0165 predpokladan\u00fdch biomarkerov (MMP1, PADI1, TNC, CSTA a MMP3), ktor\u00e9 mali v\u00fdrazne zmenen\u00e9 hladiny prote\u00ednov pri porovn\u00e1van\u00ed zdrav\u00fdch jedincov a pacientov s rakovinou \u00fastnej dutiny. Vo vzork\u00e1ch krvnej plazmy v tomto pr\u00edpade neboli pozorovan\u00e9 zmeny v hladin\u00e1ch prote\u00ednov(9).<\/p>\n

Ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm aspektom, ktor\u00fd treba bra\u0165 do \u00favahy, je dynamick\u00fd rozsah koncentr\u00e1cie jednotliv\u00fdch bielkov\u00edn. Bohato zast\u00fapen\u00e9 prote\u00edny s\u0165a\u017euj\u00fa identifik\u00e1ciu \u010fal\u0161\u00edch prote\u00ednov v tej istej vzorke, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa oproti nim vo ve\u013emi malom mno\u017estve. Pr\u00edkladom najkomplexnej\u0161ieho prote\u00f3mu v \u013eudskom tele je krvn\u00e1 plazma. Pri jej proteomickej anal\u00fdze bolo identifikovan\u00fdch viac ako 5 000 prote\u00ednov(10). Pr\u00e1ve jej bohat\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie v\u0161ak rob\u00ed jej anal\u00fdzu n\u00e1ro\u010dnou v klinickom laborat\u00f3riu, ke\u010f sa d\u00f4raz kladie nielen na presnos\u0165, ale aj na r\u00fdchlos\u0165 anal\u00fdzy. Najviac zast\u00fapen\u00fdm prote\u00ednom v krvnej plazme je s\u00e9rov\u00fd album\u00edn (koncentr\u00e1cia 35 \u2013 50 mg\/ml), naopak, najmenej zast\u00fapen\u00fdm je interleuk\u00edn-6 (koncentr\u00e1cia 0 \u2013 5 pg\/ ml), pri\u010dom rozdiel v ich koncentr\u00e1ci\u00ed je a\u017e 10 r\u00e1dov(11). V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu, a\u017e 99 % plazmy, tvor\u00ed 22 najzast\u00fapenej\u0161\u00edch prote\u00ednov(12). K zvy\u0161n\u00e9mu 1 % patria aj sekretovan\u00e9 prote\u00edny poch\u00e1dzaj\u00face z viacer\u00fdch org\u00e1nov \u013eudsk\u00e9ho tela. Pr\u00e1ve preto je krvn\u00e1 plazma ve\u013emi dobr\u00fdm modelom na identifik\u00e1ciu biomarkerov. Pri proteomickej anal\u00fdze krvnej plazmy pou\u017eil Geyer a kol. objem 1 \u00b5l, pri\u010dom boli schopn\u00ed identifikova\u0165 viac ne\u017e 300 prote\u00ednov po\u010das extr\u00e9mne kr\u00e1tkeho \u010dasu merania (20 min.). Cel\u00e1 anal\u00fdza od odobratia vzorky a\u017e po vyhodnotenie v\u00fdsledkov trvala okolo troch hod\u00edn. Z identifikovan\u00fdch prote\u00ednov a\u017e 49 patrilo medzi biomarkery schv\u00e1len\u00e9 Americk\u00fdm \u00faradom pre kontrolu potrav\u00edn a lie\u010div(13).<\/p>\n

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Hmotnostn\u00e1 spektrometria vs imunodetekcia<\/h2>\n

Hmotnostn\u00e1 spektrometria poskytuje ve\u013emi dobr\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky v porovnan\u00ed s tradi\u010dn\u00fdmi imunodetek\u010dn\u00fdmi technikami. Napriek tomu, \u017ee ELISA testy s\u00fa v klinickej praxi zaveden\u00fdm \u0161tandardom pre kvantifik\u00e1ciu prote\u00ednov, maj\u00fa obmedzenie v detekcii viacer\u00fdch analytov s\u00fa\u010dasne a nie s\u00fa \u0161pecifick\u00e9 pre prote\u00ednov\u00e9 izoformy. V pr\u00edpade pou\u017eitia sekund\u00e1rnych proti- l\u00e1tok m\u00f4\u017ee tie\u017e doch\u00e1dza\u0165 k ne\u0161pecifick\u00e9mu sign\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edkladom lep\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledkov hmotnostnej spektrometrie v porovnan\u00ed s imunodetekciou m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 sledovanie hladiny tyreoglobul\u00ednu v krvi(14). Tyreoglobul\u00edn je prote\u00edn vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd ako biomarker na hodnotenie \u00fa\u010dinnosti lie\u010dby pri rakovine \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy a tie\u017e na zis\u0165ovanie, \u010di nedoch\u00e1dza k jej recid\u00edve. Pribli\u017ene 25 % pacientov trpiacich t\u00fdmto ochoren\u00edm je v\u0161ak pozit\u00edvnych na pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 antityreoglobul\u00ednov\u00fdch protil\u00e1tok, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 falo\u0161n\u00fa negativitu vy\u0161etrenia v pr\u00edpade pou\u017eitia imunodetekcie. Hmotnostn\u00e1 spektrometria tie\u017e odstra\u0148uje falo\u0161n\u00fa pozitivitu v\u00fdsledku, ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017eu sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 heterofiln\u00e9 protil\u00e1tky(15). \u010eal\u0161\u00edm pr\u00edkladom, ke\u010f sa m\u00f4\u017ee z\u00edska\u0165 nespr\u00e1vny v\u00fdsledok z d\u00f4vodu pr\u00edtomnosti heterofiln\u00fdch protil\u00e1tok, je stanovenie hladiny tropon\u00ednu I, ktor\u00fd je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd pri diagnostike ak\u00fatneho infarktu myokardu(16). \u010cas potrebn\u00fd na inkub\u00e1ciu protil\u00e1tok so vzorkou pri vyu\u017eit\u00ed techniky ELISA je porovnate\u013en\u00fd s \u010dasom anal\u00fdzy vzorky na hmotnostnom spektrometri(17). V pr\u00edpade Western blot anal\u00fdzy, ktor\u00e1 sa tie\u017e pou\u017e\u00edva v klinickom laborat\u00f3riu, je probl\u00e9mom kvantifik\u00e1cia identifikovan\u00e9ho prote\u00ednu(18).<\/p>\n

Vyu\u017eitie proteomiky v diagnostike z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Biomarkery s\u00fa neocenite\u013en\u00fdmi n\u00e1strojmi na detekciu, diagnostiku a progn\u00f3zu ochorenia a v neposlednom rade tie\u017e v\u00fdber adekv\u00e1tnej lie\u010dby pre pacienta. Pr\u00e1ve hmotnostn\u00e1 spektrometria je ve\u013emi vhodnou platformou na r\u00fdchlu identifik\u00e1ciu zn\u00e1mych biomarkerov a taktie\u017e identifik\u00e1ciu nov\u00fdch. Jej hlavnou v\u00fdhodou je v tomto pr\u00edpade mo\u017enos\u0165 identifik\u00e1cie ve\u013ek\u00e9ho mno\u017estva prote\u00ednov v jednom experimente.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00edkladom biomarkera, ktor\u00e9ho hladina sa d\u00e1 ve\u013emi dobre sledova\u0165 pomocou hmotnostnej spektrometrie, je prote\u00edn lipokal\u00edn asociovan\u00fd so \u017eelatin\u00e1zou neutrofilov (NGAL)(19). Ten je v\u010dasn\u00fdm indik\u00e1torom ak\u00fatneho po\u0161kodenia obli\u010diek, preto\u017ee je jeden z prv\u00fdch prote\u00ednov, ktor\u00e9ho koncentr\u00e1cie v mo\u010di sa r\u00fdchlo zvy\u0161uj\u00fa po ischemick\u00fdch alebo nefrotoxick\u00fdch podnetoch. Na porovnanie, hladina kreatin\u00ednu sa zvy\u0161uje a\u017e 72 hod\u00edn od po\u0161kodenia, ke\u010f u\u017e m\u00f4\u017ee doch\u00e1dza\u0165 k funk\u010dn\u00e9mu zlyhaniu obli\u010diek. Stanovenie mno\u017estva bielkoviny NGAL m\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam u pacientov po z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch chirurgick\u00fdch z\u00e1krokoch alebo u pacientov, ktor\u00ed pr\u00eddu v kritickom stave na po- hotovos\u0165 a u ktor\u00fdch je podozrenie, \u017ee mohlo d\u00f4js\u0165 k po\u0161kodeniu obli\u010diek.<\/p>\n

Rakovina je druhou naj\u010dastej\u0161ou pr\u00ed\u010dinou \u00famrt\u00ed na celom svete. V roku 2018 bola zodpovedn\u00e1 za 9,6 mili\u00f3na \u00famrt\u00ed, teda pribli\u017ene za ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u0161ieste \u00famrtie(20). Je \u0161tudovan\u00e1 hlavne na genomickej \u00farovni, proteomika sa v\u0161ak jav\u00ed ako ve\u013emi s\u013eubn\u00e1 komplement\u00e1rna technol\u00f3gia, preto\u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1h\u013ead na prote\u00ednovej \u00farovni. Napr\u00edklad pri rakovine vaje\u010dn\u00edkov bolo zisten\u00e9, \u017ee prote\u00edn CT45 je markerom pri pozit\u00edvnej odpovedi na chemoterapiu(21). Jedn\u00fdm z najz\u00e1va\u017enej\u0161\u00edch ochoren\u00ed je rakovina \u017eal\u00fadka, pri ktorej je miera pre\u017eitia len nie\u010do vy\u0161e 30 %(22). Preto je skor\u00e1 diagnostika mimoriadne d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1. V skorom \u0161t\u00e1diu je jej priebeh takmer bezpr\u00edznakov\u00fd a do dne\u0161n\u00e9ho d\u0148a nebol objaven\u00fd vhodn\u00fd biomarker pre po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1dium tohto ochorenia. Ned\u00e1vna \u0161t\u00fadia krvnej plaz-<\/p>\n

my v\u0161ak odhalila 11 prote\u00ednov, ktor\u00e9 by v bud\u00facnosti pomohli odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 pacientov s ochoren\u00edm rakoviny \u017eal\u00fadka od zdrav\u00fdch jedincov(23). Hmotnostn\u00e1 spektrometria predstavuje n\u00e1dej aj pre pacientov, u ktor\u00fdch nebola \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 chemoterapia. T\u00edm vedcov z Nemecka odobral vzorky tkaniva z p\u013e\u00facnych metast\u00e1z pacienta s urach\u00e1lnym karcin\u00f3mom. Pri porovnan\u00ed so zdrav\u00fdm p\u013e\u00facnym tkanivom boli odhalen\u00e9 viacer\u00e9 prote\u00edny s v\u00fdrazne zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm zast\u00fapen\u00edm v metast\u00e1zovom tkanive. Jedn\u00fdm z nich bola hist\u00f3nov\u00e1 demetyl\u00e1za LSD1, ktor\u00e1 u\u017e bola identifikovan\u00e1 pri in\u00fdch druhoch rakoviny. Pred podan\u00edm vhodnej lie\u010dby v podobe inhib\u00edtora prote\u00ednu LSD1 boli objaven\u00e9 metast\u00e1zy aj v pe\u010deni pacienta a u\u017e sa ho nepodarilo zachr\u00e1ni\u0165. Napriek tomu, t\u00e1to \u0161t\u00fadia poskytla r\u00fdchlu a repro- dukovate\u013en\u00fa mo\u017enos\u0165 aplik\u00e1cie hmotnostnej spektrometrie do klinick\u00e9ho laborat\u00f3ria. M\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vhodn\u00e1 aj pre pacientov, u ktor\u00fdch nezabrali in\u00e9 druhy lie\u010dby. Celkov\u00e1 anal\u00fdza, od spracovania vzorky a\u017e po vyslovenie z\u00e1verov, trvala len dva dni(24).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/h2>\n

Pr\u00e1ve v\u010faka aplik\u00e1cii hmotnostnej spektrometrie a proteomiky bol v posledn\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010diach zaznamenan\u00fd zna\u010dn\u00fd pokrok v diagnostike a progn\u00f3ze mnoh\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed. Hmotnostn\u00e1 spektrometria dok\u00e1\u017ee pracova\u0165 s mal\u00fdmi objemami vzoriek a r\u00fdchlo poda\u0165 potrebn\u00fa inform\u00e1ciu o ich prote\u00ednovom zlo\u017een\u00ed. V spojen\u00ed s bioinformatikou je schopn\u00e1 identifikova\u0165 rozdiely v hladin\u00e1ch prote\u00ednov vo vzork\u00e1ch pacientov a ur\u010di\u0165 tak nasleduj\u00faci postup lie\u010dby. Hmotnostn\u00e1 spektrometria m\u00e1 v\u0161etky predpoklady na to, aby sa \u00faspe\u0161ne etablovala do klinick\u00e9ho laborat\u00f3ria a skvalitnila pr\u00edstupy v diagnostick\u00fdch met\u00f3dach.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Po\u010fakovanie: <\/em><\/strong>Tento <\/em>\u010dl\u00e1nok vznikol v\u010faka podpore v r\u00e1mci OP V\u00fdskum a v\u00fdvoj pre projekt: Centrum v\u00fdskumu z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch <\/em>ochoren\u00ed a ich komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ITMS 26240120038, spolufinancovan\u00fd zo zdrojov Eur\u00f3pskeho fondu region\u00e1lneho rozvoja.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

LITERAT\u00daRA<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    *All tables, charts, graphs and pictures that are featured in this article can be found in the .pdf attachment at the end of the paper.   V klinickej praxi sa neust\u00e1le zvy\u0161uje v\u00fdznam laborat\u00f3rneho vy\u0161etrenia na zistenie aktu\u00e1lneho stavu pacienta. Jedn\u00fdm z nich je identifik\u00e1cia prote\u00ednov v klinick\u00fdch vzork\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e1 vedie k diagnostike chor\u00e9ho pacienta.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[289],"tags":[615,964,1478,1479],"class_list":["post-1996","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biochemistry","tag-biomarkers","tag-diagnostics","tag-mass-spectrometry","tag-proteomics","typ_clanku-review-article"],"acf":{"abstrakt":"

    Immunodetection techniques are established standards for the identification and quantification of proteins in samples in clinical diagnostics. However, they have limitations, such as the detection of multiple analytes at the same time. Modern proteomic approaches based on mass spectrometry are more sensitive than immunodetec- tion techniques. They can also work with small sample volumes and quickly provide the necessary information about their protein composition. For the above reasons, mass spectrometry is a very suitable method for identi- fying both known and novel biomarkers in clinical specimens. These are essential indicators of the patient\u2019s current condition. It is the reason why the introduction of mass spectrometry into proteomic analysis in a clinical laboratory leads to improved diagnostic methods.<\/p>\n

    Keywords: <\/strong>mass spectrometry, proteomics, biomarkers, diagnostics<\/p>\n","casopis":[{"ID":1893,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2020-05-05 11:32:54","post_date_gmt":"2020-05-05 09:32:54","post_content":"

      \r\n \t
    • Identification of metabolic pathways in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy using exome sequencing \u2013 a pilot study<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Anti-tumour effects of vitamin D<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Molecular detection methods of mutations in the kinase domain of fusion gene bcr-abl1 in patients with chronic myelocyte leukemia<\/li>\r\n \t
    • The case report of toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis with fatal outcome in HIV patient<\/li>\r\n \t
    • Carcinosarcoma-like endometrioid carcinoma of the uterus: case report of rare non-high-grade tumor<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","post_title":"newsLab","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"newslab-4","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2020-05-05 15:13:41","post_modified_gmt":"2020-05-05 13:13:41","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/?post_type=casopis&p=1893","menu_order":0,"post_type":"casopis","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"strana":"20-23","upload_clanok":{"ID":1994,"id":1994,"title":"NEWSLAB_1-2020_Luk\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1","filename":"NEWSLAB_1-2020_Luk\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1.pdf","filesize":170204,"url":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/NEWSLAB_1-2020_Luk\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1.pdf","link":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/proteomics-in-the-diagnostics-and-monitoring-of-diseases\/newslab_1-2020_lukacova-2\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"newslab_1-2020_lukacova-2","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":1996,"date":"2020-05-05 16:01:06","modified":"2020-05-05 16:01:06","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"application\/pdf","type":"application","subtype":"pdf","icon":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/document.png"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1996","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1996"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1996\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1996"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1996"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1996"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}