{"id":2017,"date":"2020-05-05T19:04:08","date_gmt":"2020-05-05T17:04:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/prevalencia-diabetickej-retinopatie-na-slovensku-vysledky-zo-studie-diaret-sk\/"},"modified":"2020-05-05T19:06:17","modified_gmt":"2020-05-05T17:06:17","slug":"prevalencia-diabetickej-retinopatie-na-slovensku-vysledky-zo-studie-diaret-sk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/prevalencia-diabetickej-retinopatie-na-slovensku-vysledky-zo-studie-diaret-sk\/","title":{"rendered":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Slovakia: results from DIARET SK study"},"content":{"rendered":"

*<\/strong>All tables, charts, graphs and pictures that are featured in this article can be found in the .pdf attachment at the end of the paper.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00davod<\/strong><\/p>\n

Diabetick\u00e1 retinopatia (DR) je hlavnou pr\u00ed\u010dinou slepoty u dospel\u00fdch v produkt\u00edvnom veku a takisto u pacientov s diabetom mellitom (DM). Ud\u00e1va sa, \u017ee je pr\u00ed\u010dinou 4,8 % pr\u00edpadov slepoty(1). Celosvetov\u00e1 prevalencia DR u pacientov s DM sa ud\u00e1va okolo 34,6 %(2) a vyskytuje sa najm\u00e4 u pacientov vo veku 20 \u2013 74 rokov(3,4). Dostupn\u00e9 \u00fadaje o prevalencii DR s\u00fa v\u0161ak nekonzistentn\u00e9. Uv\u00e1dza sa, \u017ee prevalencia DR je vy\u0161\u0161ia u pacientov s DM 1. typu v porovnan\u00ed s DM 2. typu(5). O\u010dak\u00e1va sa, \u017ee prevalencia DR sa bude \u010falej zvy\u0161ova\u0165 v d\u00f4- sledku zvy\u0161uj\u00facej sa prevalencie DM, starnutia popul\u00e1cie a zvy\u0161ovania strednej d\u013a\u017eky \u017eivota pacientov s DM. DR sa klasifikuje do dvoch typov: neproliferat\u00edvna diabetick\u00e1 retinopa- tia (NPDR) a proliferat\u00edvna DR (PDR)(3). PDR je pokro\u010dil\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1dium DR a vyskytuje sa v d\u00f4sledku abnorm\u00e1lnej angiogen\u00e9zy na povrchu sietnice(3). Je zn\u00e1me, \u017ee v\u010dasn\u00e1 detekcia a r\u00fdchla lie\u010dba najm\u00e4 DR ohrozuj\u00facej zrak (VTDR) umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa prevenciu zhor\u0161enia zraku spojen\u00fa s DM. Ud\u00e1va sa, \u017ee v\u010dasn\u00e1 lie\u010dba m\u00f4\u017ee zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 riziko straty zraku u jednotlivcov a\u017e o 57 %(6). Systematick\u00fd skr\u00edning DR je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd pri identifik\u00e1cii pacientov, ktor\u00ed potrebuj\u00fa odpor\u00fa\u010danie k \u0161pecialistovi, najm\u00e4 pacientom s VTDR. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti nie s\u00fa dostupn\u00e9 \u00fadaje o prevalencii DR, jej \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1ch a DEM na Slovensku. Slovensko nem\u00e1 n\u00e1rodn\u00fd skr\u00edningov\u00fd program pre DR a doteraz nemalo ani \u00fadaje o prevalencii DR u pacientov s DM. V tejto pr\u00e1ci prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t uv\u00e1dzame v\u00fdsledky o prevalencii DR u slovensk\u00fdch diabetick\u00fdch pacientov zo \u0161t\u00fadie DIARET SK \u201ePrevalencia DIA<\/strong>betickej RET<\/strong>inopatie a dopad genetick\u00fdch faktorov na vznik diabetickej retinopatie u pacientov s DM 1. a 2. typu na S<\/strong>lovensK<\/strong>u\u201c.<\/p>\n

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Materi\u00e1l a met\u00f3dy<\/strong><\/p>\n

DIARET SK bola epidemiologick\u00e1 multicentrick\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia u dospel\u00fdch pacientov (vo veku \u2265 18 rokov) s DM 1. a 2. typu, ktor\u00ed sp\u013a\u0148ali krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 na zaradenie a podp\u00edsali formul\u00e1r informovan\u00e9ho s\u00fahlasu s epidemiologick\u00fdm v\u00fdskumom. Pacienti boli vyraden\u00ed, ak mali < 18 rokov, gesta\u010dn\u00fd diabetes alebo sekund\u00e1rny \u2013 indukovan\u00fd diabetes, diabetick\u00fa ketoacid\u00f3zu alebo hyperosmol\u00e1rnu k\u00f3mu a zneu\u017e\u00edvali alkohol alebo mali ak\u00fatnu intoxik\u00e1ciu alkoholom.<\/p>\n

Zara\u010fovanie pacientov prebiehalo po\u010das n\u00e1v\u0161tevy u diabetol\u00f3ga, pri ktorej im vy\u0161etroval potrebn\u00e9 parametre, ktor\u00e9 boli elektronicky zaznamenan\u00e9 spolu s retrospekt\u00edvnymi anamnestick\u00fdmi \u00fadajmi. Aby sa zabezpe\u010dil nezaujat\u00fd v\u00fdber, pacienti boli vyberan\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 skr\u00edningu pod\u013ea vopred \u0161pecifikovan\u00e9ho poradia. Zahrnut\u00ed boli v\u0161etci pacienti s DM (1. aj 2. typu) bez oh\u013eadu na trvanie DM a bez oh\u013eadu na o\u010dn\u00e9 komplik\u00e1cie v pacientovej anamn\u00e9ze alebo pri vy\u0161etren\u00ed diabetol\u00f3gom. Ka\u017ed\u00fd zaraden\u00fd pacient absolvoval vy\u0161etrenie oboch o\u010d\u00ed u oftalmol\u00f3ga vr\u00e1tane najlep\u0161ej korigovanej zrakovej ostrosti (BCVA), biomikroskopie \u0161trbinovou lampou a optickej koherentnej tomografie (OCT). D\u00e1ta sa zaznamen\u00e1vali elektronicky s pou\u017eit\u00edm zabezpe\u010den\u00e9ho softv\u00e9ru. Pacientom bol pridelen\u00fd unik\u00e1t- ny identifika\u010dn\u00fd k\u00f3d, aby sa zachovala anonymita, a identitu pacienta poznal iba o\u0161etruj\u00faci lek\u00e1r. \u00dadaje sa zbierali u 51 diabetol\u00f3gov a 47 oftalmol\u00f3gov v obdob\u00ed febru\u00e1r a\u017e december 2015. V\u010faka epidemiologick\u00e9mu charakteru \u0161t\u00fadie bez sledovania a sk\u00fa\u0161anej lie\u010dby sa nevyskytli ne\u017eiaduce reakcie na liek ani ne\u017eiaduce udalosti, ktor\u00e9 by bolo potrebn\u00e9 hl\u00e1si\u0165.<\/p>\n

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\u0160tatistick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza<\/h3>\n

Celkovo bolo n\u00e1hodn\u00fdm v\u00fdberom zaraden\u00fdch 3 700 pacientov. Aby sa zaru\u010dila dostato\u010dn\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 vzorky menej \u010dast\u00fdch skup\u00edn pacientov pre \u0161tatistick\u00fa anal\u00fdzu, v\u0161etci pacienti zo skup\u00edn \u0161pecifikovan\u00fdch vopred boli zaraden\u00ed do \u0161t\u00fadie, aj ke\u010f boli mimo \u0161pecifikovan\u00e9ho poradia. Miesto pre 500 pacientov bolo rezervovan\u00e9 pre \u0161peci\u00e1lne podskupiny: pacienti s trvan\u00edm DM \u2265 20 rokov a pacienti s trvan\u00edm DM < 5 rokov s hist\u00f3riou DR. Aj ke\u010f sa zozbierali d\u00e1- ta od menej pacientov, ve\u013ekos\u0165 vzorky bola dostato\u010dn\u00e1 pre naplnenie prim\u00e1rnych a sekund\u00e1rnych cie\u013eov tejto epidemiologickej \u0161t\u00fadie. Prim\u00e1rne cie\u013eov\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky boli sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e9 Wilsonov\u00fdm sk\u00f3re 95 % intervalu spo\u013eahlivosti (IS). Kalkul\u00e1cia prevalencie pre ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1dium DR a DEM sa analyzovala pomocou rovnak\u00fdch met\u00f3d aj pre celkov\u00fa prevalenciu DR. Miera ch\u00fdbaj\u00facich hodn\u00f4t bola v\u0161eobecne n\u00edzka. Nedop\u013a\u0148ali sa ch\u00fdbaj\u00face d\u00e1ta. V anal\u00fdzach korel\u00e1ci\u00ed alebo logistick\u00fdch regresi\u00ed boli pou\u017eit\u00e9 v\u0161etky d\u00e1ta s dostupn\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledkami. Trvanie DM od diagnostikovania sa vyhodnocovali ako kontinu\u00e1lne kovarianty. Charakteristiky pacienta boli opisovan\u00e9 \u0161tandardn\u00fdmi met\u00f3dami deskript\u00edvnej \u0161tatistiky \u2013 celkov\u00fd po\u010det pacientov (N), percentu\u00e1lny podiel (%), priemer, medi\u00e1n, minimum, maximum, \u0161tandardn\u00e1 odch\u00fdlka (SD).<\/p>\n

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V\u00fdsledky<\/h3>\n

Priemer (SD) trvania DM 2. typu bol 7,5 (5,2) roka a DM 1. typu 10,3 (6,9) roka. Trvanie ochorenia DM 2. typu u v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny (69,4 %) pacientov bolo < 10 rokov a viac ako 20 rokov iba u 40 (1,2 %) pacientov (obr\u00e1zok 1A)<\/em><\/strong>. Zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch pacientov s DM 1. typu malo 46,8 % trvanie ochorenia < 10 rokov a iba 5,4 % \u2265 20 rokov (obr\u00e1zok 1B)<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Prevalencia DR bola vy\u0161\u0161ia u pacientov s DM 2. a 1. typu s trvan\u00edm ochorenia \u2265 20 rokov v porovnan\u00ed s trvan\u00edm DM < 20 rokov (tabu\u013eka 1)<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Prevalencia PDR bola tie\u017e vy\u0161\u0161ia u pacientov s DM s trvan\u00edm \u2265 20 rokov v porovnan\u00ed s pacientmi s trvan\u00edm DM < 20 ro- kov, bez oh\u013eadu na typ DM. V porovnan\u00ed s DM 2. typu bola prevalencia PDR vy\u0161\u0161ia u pacientov s DM 1. typu s trvan\u00edm ochorenia \u2265 20 rokov (tabu\u013eka 2)<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

DEM mal najvy\u0161\u0161iu prevalenciu medzi pacientmi s DM 2. typu s trvan\u00edm ochorenia > 20 rokov. Tieto d\u00e1ta nazna\u010duj\u00fa stabiln\u00fd n\u00e1rast prevalencie DEM s trvan\u00edm DM pri oboch typoch DM (tabu\u013eka 3)<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Celkov\u00e1 prevalencia akejko\u013evek DR u pacientov s DM 2. typu bola 15,15 % a 3,35 % pre DR ohrozuj\u00facu zrak (VTDR). Pacienti mu\u017ei mali mierne vy\u0161\u0161iu prevalenciu DR bez oh\u013eadu na typ (16,70 %) v porovnan\u00ed s pacientkami \u017eenami (13,79 %) (tabu\u013eka 4)<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Celkov\u00e1 prevalencia akejko\u013evek DR u pacientov s DM 1. typu bola 29,15 % (tabu\u013eka 5)<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Diskusia<\/h3>\n

DIARET SK bola prv\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia na Slovensku, v ktorej sa hod- notila prevalencia diabetickej retinopatie (DR) a \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1di\u00ed DR (PDR, DEM) u pacientov s diabetom mellitom (DM) 1. a typu. DR je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm indik\u00e1torom mikrovaskul\u00e1rnych komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed s\u00favisiacich s DM. Prevalencia DM st\u00fapa s rast\u00facim vekom a sp\u00f4sobuje komplik\u00e1cie s\u00favisiace s DR. S\u00fahrnn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza, ktor\u00e1 zah\u0155\u0148ala 22 896 \u013eud\u00ed s DM z 35 popula\u010dn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed v USA, Austr\u00e1lii, Eur\u00f3pe a \u00c1zii (v rokoch 1980 \u2013 2008) uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee celkov\u00e1 prevalencia akejko\u013evek DR (pri DM 1. typu a 2. typu) bola 34,6 % (95 % CI 34,5 \u2013 34,8) a 7 % (6,9 \u2013 7) VTDR. Celkov\u00e1 prevalencia DR pri DM 2. typu bola 25,2 % a VTDR 6,9 %(6). Prevalencia DR sa pohybuje od 10 do 50 % v z\u00e1vislosti od popul\u00e1cie, met\u00f3d pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pri skr\u00edningu DR a rokov trvania DM. Preto prevalencia DR by sa mala analyzova\u0165 opatrne. Zistilo sa, \u017ee prevalencia sa v priebehu \u010dasu\u00a0 men\u00ed, pravdepodobne v s\u00favislosti so zlep\u0161enou zdravotnou starostlivos\u0165ou o pacientov s DM, a aj \u0161t\u00fadie ako DIARET SK m\u00f4\u017eu poskytn\u00fa\u0165 lep\u0161\u00ed preh\u013ead o t\u00fdchto zmen\u00e1ch. V tejto \u0161t\u00fadii bola prevalencia akejko\u013evek DR u pacientov s DM 2. typu 15,5 % a pre VTDR bola 3,35 %. U pacientov s DM 1. typu bola prevalencia akejko\u013evek DR 29,15 % a pre VTDR bola 5,76 %. Tieto \u010d\u00edsla s\u00fa n\u00edzke v porovnan\u00ed s prevalenciou DR pozorovanou vo \u0161v\u00e9dskej aj v d\u00e1nskej popul\u00e1cii. Vo \u0161v\u00e9dskej \u0161t\u00fadii bola prevalencia akejko\u013evek DR 27,9 % pri DM 2. typu a 41,8 % pri DM 1. typu, v d\u00e1nskej \u0161t\u00fadii bola prevalencia 21,2 % u pacientov s DM 2. typu a 54,3 % s DM 1. typu(7,8). V\u00fdsledky systematick\u00e9ho skr\u00edningu realizovan\u00e9ho v Liverpoole uk\u00e1zali po- diely pacientov s DR a VTDR 25,3 % a 6 % u pacientov s DM 1. typu a 45,7 % a 16 % u pacientov s DM 1. typu(9). V n\u00e1rodnom skr\u00edningu vo Walese bol podobn\u00fd po\u010det pr\u00edpadov DR a VTDR, a to 30,3 % a 2,9 % u pacientov s DM typu a 56 % a 11,2 % u pacientov s DM 1. typu(10). Aj v\u00fdsledky ned\u00e1vno rea- lizovanej \u0161t\u00fadie Romero-Aroca, et al. v \u0160panielsku preuk\u00e1zali vy\u0161\u0161iu prevalenciu DR (47,26 % u pacientov s DM 2. a 1. typu)(11). D\u00e1ta zo \u0161t\u00fadie DIARET SK nazna\u010duj\u00fa, \u017ee mu\u017ei s DM maj\u00fa mierne vy\u0161\u0161iu prevalenciu DR bez oh\u013eadu na typ ochorenia v porovnan\u00ed s pacientkami \u017eenami (16,70 vs 13,79). Podobn\u00e9 zistenia boli hl\u00e1sen\u00e9 aj v \u0161t\u00fadii z Liverpoolu (pomer \u0161anc\u00ed [OR] mu\u017ei: 2,15, 95 % IS 1,39 \u2013 3,31; P = 0,001), Wales (DM 2. typu: 59,1 % vs 40,9 %; DM 1. typu: 54,7 % vs 45,3 %), a \u0161v\u00e9dske \u0161t\u00fadie (30,9 % vs 27,4 %)(8-10). V \u0161t\u00fadii DIARET bola vysok\u00e1 prevalencia DEM u pacientov s trvan\u00edm DM > 15 rokov bez oh\u013eadu na typ DM. Prevalencia DEM bola v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich publikovan\u00fdch popula\u010dn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch r\u00f4zna. V d\u00e1nskej \u0161t\u00fadii publikovanej v roku 2006 bola prevalencia DEM 12,8 % u pacientov s DM 2. typu a 7,9 % u pacientov s DM 1. typu(12), v Austr\u00e1lii 7,6 % pre oba typy DM(13), v Kanade 15,7 % pre oba typy DM(14) a v N\u00f3rsku 3,9 % pre oba typy DM(15). V\u00fdsledky na\u0161ej \u0161t\u00fadie ukazuj\u00fa prevalenciu DEM medzi 0,92 % \u2013 17,62 % pre DM 2. typu a medzi 1,47 % \u2013 9,09 % u pacientov s DM 1. typu v z\u00e1vislosti od rokov trvania DM. DIARET SK je prv\u00e1 rozsiahla, dobre kontrolovan\u00e1 epidemiologick\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia, kto- r\u00e1 hodnotila prevalenciu DR na z\u00e1klade FP a OCT. Pou\u017eitie OCT bolo ve\u013ekou v\u00fdhodou v \u0161t\u00fadii, preto\u017ee je presnej\u0161ia na diagnostiku DEM ako FP. Preto d\u00e1ta o DEM zahrnut\u00e9 v tejto \u0161t\u00fadii s\u00fa spo\u013eahliv\u00e9 a presn\u00e9. Pokia\u013e je n\u00e1m zn\u00e1me, zatia\u013e nebola publikovan\u00e1 \u017eiadna in\u00e1 epidemiologick\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia s tak\u00fdm vysok\u00fdm po\u010dtom pacientov s pou\u017eit\u00edm OCT na diagnostiku DEM. Hlavnou silnou str\u00e1nkou tejto \u0161t\u00fadie je ve\u013ek\u00e1 vzorka pacientov. \u0160t\u00fadia DIARET SK je prv\u00e1 a jedin\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia, ktor\u00e1 pon\u00faka poh\u013ead na prevalenciu DR na Slovensku. V\u00fdsledky tejto \u0161t\u00fadie m\u00f4\u017eu sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 na porovnanie so \u0161t\u00fadiami v in\u00fdch popul\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 lep\u0161ie porozumenie tohto ochorenia ohrozuj\u00faceho zrak. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 sa m\u00f4\u017eu vyu\u017ei\u0165 do bud\u00facna ako podklad pre h\u013eadanie inovat\u00edvnych sp\u00f4sobov mana\u017eovania pacientov s DM, pl\u00e1novanie a zavedenie n\u00e1kladovo efekt\u00edvnych celon\u00e1rodn\u00fdch skr\u00edningov\u00fdch programov u pacientov s DM, ktor\u00e9 Slovensko moment\u00e1lne nem\u00e1 implementovan\u00e9 v oblasti verejn\u00e9ho zdravia.<\/p>\n

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Po\u010fakovanie: <\/em><\/strong>Tento <\/em>\u010dl\u00e1nok vznikol v\u010faka podpore v r\u00e1mci OP V\u00fdskum a v\u00fdvoj pre projekt: Centrum v\u00fdskumu z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed a ich komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ITMS 26240120038, spolufinancovan\u00fd zo zdrojov Eur\u00f3pskeho fondu region\u00e1lneho rozvoja.<\/em><\/p>\n

MUDr.<\/em> Marta Ondrejkov\u00e1, PhD.: Potvrdzujem, \u017ee som dostala finan\u010dn\u00fa podporu od farmaceutick\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed Novartis a Bayer ako \u010dlenka Advisory Boardu a investig\u00e1tor v klinick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch.<\/em><\/p>\n

MUDr.<\/em> Monika Gajdo\u0161ov\u00e1: Spolupracujem s farmaceutick\u00fd- mi spolo\u010dnos\u0165ami Novartis, Bayer, Allergan a Zeiss ako konzultant. Som \u010dlenka Advisory Boardu spolo\u010dnost\u00ed Novartis, Bayer, Allergan a hlavn\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161aj\u00faca vo viacer\u00fdch klinick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch.<\/em><\/p>\n

MUDr.<\/em> Iveta Tvrd\u00e1 a MUDr. Jana Fabkov\u00e1: Potvrdzujeme, \u017ee sme zamestnankyne medic\u00ednskeho oddelenia spolo\u010dnosti Novartis Slovakia, s. r. o., \u017di\u017ekova 22B, Bratislava.<\/em><\/p>\n

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LITERAT\u00daRA<\/strong><\/p>\n

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  13. Knudsen LL, Lervang HH, Lundbye-Christensen S, et The North Jutland County Diabetic Retinopathy Study: population characteristics. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90(11): 1404-1409.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \n
    1. Kaidonis G, Mills RA, Landers J, et Review of the prevalence of di- abetic retinopathy in Indigenous Australians. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 42(9): 875-882.<\/li>\n
    2. Petrella RJ, Blouin J, Davies B, et Demographics, and Treatment Characteristics of Visual Impairment due to Diabetic Macular Edema in a Representative Canadian Cohort. J Ophthalmol 2012; 2012: 159167.<\/li>\n
    3. Bertelsen G, Peto T, Lindekleiv H, et Tromso eye study: prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91(8): 716-721.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      *All tables, charts, graphs and pictures that are featured in this article can be found in the .pdf attachment at the end of the paper.   \u00a0 \u00davod Diabetick\u00e1 retinopatia (DR) je hlavnou pr\u00ed\u010dinou slepoty u dospel\u00fdch v produkt\u00edvnom veku a takisto u pacientov s diabetom mellitom (DM). Ud\u00e1va sa, \u017ee je pr\u00ed\u010dinou 4,8 %<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[287],"tags":[1508,735,1509,1506,1507],"class_list":["post-2017","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-diabetic-macular-edema","tag-diabetic-retinopathy","tag-gly-cated-hemoglobin","tag-type-1-diabetes-mellitus","tag-type-2-diabetes-mellitus","typ_clanku-original-work"],"acf":{"abstrakt":"

      DIARET SK is the first epidemiological and multicenter study in Slovakia to evaluate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Slovak patients with Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). An epidemiological and multi-center survey included 4078 adult patients (aged \u226518 years). The study enrolled 3700 patients (Type 1 DM = 295, Type 2 DM = 3405). In the Type 2 DM patients, there were 516 (15.5%) cases of DR, 19 (0.56%) proliferative DR (PDR) and 106 (3.11%) cases of diabetic macular edema (DEM). In type 1 DM patients, there were 86 (29.15%) cases of DR, 10 (3.39%) PDR, and 12 (4.07%) DEM. DIARET is the first large-scale, well-controlled epidemiological study to assess the prevalence of DR in Slovakia. These data can serve as a basis for comparison with other studies while helping understanding better and managing this vision-threatening disease.<\/p>\n

      Keywords: <\/strong>diabetic retinopathy, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic macular edema, gly- cated hemoglobin<\/p>\n","casopis":[{"ID":1893,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2020-05-05 11:32:54","post_date_gmt":"2020-05-05 09:32:54","post_content":"

        \r\n \t
      • Identification of metabolic pathways in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy using exome sequencing \u2013 a pilot study<\/li>\r\n \t
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      • The case report of toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis with fatal outcome in HIV patient<\/li>\r\n \t
      • Carcinosarcoma-like endometrioid carcinoma of the uterus: case report of rare non-high-grade tumor<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","post_title":"newsLab","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"newslab-4","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2020-05-05 15:13:41","post_modified_gmt":"2020-05-05 13:13:41","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/?post_type=casopis&p=1893","menu_order":0,"post_type":"casopis","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"strana":"14-18","upload_clanok":{"ID":2015,"id":2015,"title":"NEWSLAB_1-2020_Ondrejkov\u00e1 2","filename":"NEWSLAB_1-2020_Ondrejkov\u00e1-2.pdf","filesize":190643,"url":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/NEWSLAB_1-2020_Ondrejkov\u00e1-2.pdf","link":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/prevalencia-diabetickej-retinopatie-na-slovensku-vysledky-zo-studie-diaret-sk\/newslab_1-2020_ondrejkova-2-2\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"newslab_1-2020_ondrejkova-2-2","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":2017,"date":"2020-05-05 16:53:19","modified":"2020-05-05 16:53:19","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"application\/pdf","type":"application","subtype":"pdf","icon":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/document.png"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2017","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2017"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2017\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2017"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2017"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2017"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}