{"id":2025,"date":"2020-05-05T21:44:42","date_gmt":"2020-05-05T19:44:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/epidemiologicke-charakteristiky-pacientov-s-diabetom-mellitom-a-diabetickou-retinopatiou-na-slovensku-vysledky-zo-studie-diaret-sk\/"},"modified":"2020-05-06T09:39:41","modified_gmt":"2020-05-06T07:39:41","slug":"epidemiological-characteristics-of-patients-with-diabetic-retinopathy-in-slovakia-results-from-the-diaret-sk-study","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/epidemiological-characteristics-of-patients-with-diabetic-retinopathy-in-slovakia-results-from-the-diaret-sk-study\/","title":{"rendered":"Epidemiological characteristics of patients with diabetic retinopathy in Slovakia: results from the DIARET SK study"},"content":{"rendered":"

*<\/strong>All tables, charts, graphs and pictures that are featured in this article can be found in the .pdf attachment at the end of the paper.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00davod<\/strong><\/p>\n

Diabetes mellitus (DM) je jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch zdravotn\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov 21. storo\u010dia. Pod\u013ea \u00fadajov Medzin\u00e1rodnej feder\u00e1cie diabetu (International Diabetes Federation) z roku 2017 m\u00e1 takmer 425 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed vo veku 20 \u2013 79 rokov diabetes(1). Predpoklad\u00e1 sa, \u017ee do roku 2030 sa po\u010det pacientov s DM zv\u00fd\u0161i o 69 % v rozvojov\u00fdch a o 20 % v rozvinut\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch(2). Diabetick\u00e1 retinopatia (DR) je hlavnou pr\u00ed\u010dinou straty zraku u dospel\u00fdch vo veku 20 \u2013 74 rokov(3). Viac ako tretina pacientov s DM m\u00e1 pr\u00edznaky DR a tretina z nich je postihnut\u00e1 diabetickou retinopatiou ohrozuj\u00facou zrak (VTDR), ktor\u00e1 je definovan\u00e1 ako z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e1 neproliferat\u00edvna DR alebo proliferat\u00edvna DR (PDR), alebo pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 diabetick\u00e9ho ed\u00e9mu makuly (DEM)(2). Trvanie diabetu a zl\u00e1 kontrola glyk\u00e9mie s\u00fa najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie rizikov\u00e9 faktory spojen\u00e9 s v\u00fdvojom DR a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou chronick\u00fdch komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed s\u00favisiacich s diabetom. V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 klinick\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie, ako je \u201eThe Diabetes Control and Complications Trial\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications (DCCT\/EDIC)\u201c, preuk\u00e1zali, \u017ee intenz\u00edvna lie\u010dba hyperglyk\u00e9mie \u00fa\u010dinne oneskoruje n\u00e1stup a spoma\u013euje progresiu komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed pri DM vr\u00e1tane DR(4). Dok\u00e1zalo sa, \u017ee okrem straty zraku prispievaj\u00fa DR a DEM k rozvoju \u010fal\u0161\u00edch komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed s\u00favisiacich s cukrovkou vr\u00e1tane nefropatie, perif\u00e9rnej neuropatie a kardiovaskul\u00e1rnych pr\u00edhod(5,6). V tejto pr\u00e1ci uv\u00e1dzame v\u00fdsledky \u0161t\u00fadie DIARET SK (Prevalencia DIA<\/strong>betickej RET<\/strong>inopatie a dopad genetick\u00fdch faktorov na vznik diabetickej retinopatie u pacientov s DM 1. a 2. typu na SlovensKu), ktorej cie\u013eom bolo zisti\u0165 epidemiologick\u00e9 a rizikov\u00e9 faktory pacientov s DM a DR.<\/p>\n

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Materi\u00e1l a met\u00f3dy<\/strong><\/p>\n

DIARET SK bol epidemiologick\u00fd, multicentrick\u00fd prieskum u dospel\u00fdch pacientov (vo veku \u2265 18 rokov) s DM 1. a 2. typu, ktor\u00ed sp\u013a\u0148ali krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 na zaradenie a podp\u00edsali formul\u00e1r informovan\u00e9ho s\u00fahlasu s epidemiologick\u00fdm v\u00fdskumom. Ka\u017ed\u00fd zaraden\u00fd pacient absolvoval vy\u0161etrenie oboch o\u010d\u00ed aj u oftalmol\u00f3ga. Pacientom bol pridelen\u00fd unik\u00e1tny identifika\u010dn\u00fd k\u00f3d, aby sa zachovala anonymita, a identitu pacienta poznal iba o\u0161etruj\u00faci lek\u00e1r. \u00dadaje sa zbierali u 51 diabetol\u00f3gov a 47 oftalmol\u00f3gov v obdob\u00ed febru\u00e1r a\u017e december 2015. Zara\u010fovanie pacientov prebiehalo po\u010das n\u00e1v\u0161tev u diabetol\u00f3gov, pri ktor\u00fdch im boli vy\u0161etren\u00e9 potrebn\u00e9 parametre a tie boli elektronicky zaznamenan\u00e9 spolu s retrospekt\u00edvnymi anamnestick\u00fdmi \u00fadajmi. Aby sa zabezpe\u010dil nezaujat\u00fd v\u00fdber, pacienti boli vyberan\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd de\u0148 skr\u00edningu pod\u013ea vopred \u0161pecifikovan\u00e9ho poradia. Zahrnut\u00ed boli v\u0161etci pacienti s DM (1. aj 2. typu) bez oh\u013eadu na trvanie DM a bez oh\u013eadu na o\u010dn\u00e9 komplik\u00e1cie v pacientovej anamn\u00e9ze alebo pri vy\u0161etren\u00ed diabetol\u00f3gom. Pacienti boli vyraden\u00ed, ak mali 1) < 18 rokov, 2) gesta\u010dn\u00fd diabetes alebo sekund\u00e1rny \u2013 indukovan\u00fd diabetes, 3) diabetick\u00fa ketoacid\u00f3zu alebo hyperosmol\u00e1rnu k\u00f3mu a 4) zneu\u017e\u00edvali alkohol alebo mali ak\u00fatnu intoxik\u00e1ciu alkoholom.<\/p>\n

\u0160tatistick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza: Ak\u00e9ko\u013evek zaujatie bolo eliminovan\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00edm vopred \u0161pecifikovan\u00e9ho kv\u00e1zi n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho procesu v\u00fdberu pacientov. V\u010faka vy\u0161\u0161iemu po\u010dtu pacientov sa o\u010dak\u00e1vali najpresnej\u0161ie v\u00fdsledky v zmysle \u0161tatistickej chyby vr\u00e1tane celkovej prevalencie a identifik\u00e1cie rizikov\u00fdch faktorov prispievaj\u00facich k vzniku DR. Prim\u00e1rne cie\u013eov\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky s\u00fa uv\u00e1dzan\u00e9 Wilsonov\u00fdm sk\u00f3re 95 % intervalu spo\u013eahlivosti (IS). Anal\u00fdza vplyvu rizikov\u00fdch faktorov na prevalenciu DR a DEM sa realizovala po- mocou multivaria\u010dnej logistickej regresie. Miera ch\u00fdbaj\u00facich hodn\u00f4t bola v\u0161eobecne n\u00edzka. Nedop\u013a\u0148ali sa ch\u00fdbaj\u00face d\u00e1ta. V anal\u00fdzach korel\u00e1ci\u00ed alebo logistick\u00fdch regresi\u00ed boli pou\u017eit\u00e9 v\u0161etky d\u00e1ta s dostupn\u00fdmi v\u00fdsledkami. Charakteristiky pacienta boli opisovan\u00e9 \u0161tandardn\u00fdmi met\u00f3dami deskript\u00edvnej \u0161tatistiky \u2013 celkov\u00fd po\u010det pacientov (N), percentu\u00e1lny podiel (%), prie- mer, medi\u00e1n, minimum, maximum, \u0161tandardn\u00e1 odch\u00fdlka (SD).<\/p>\n

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V\u00fdsledky<\/h4>\n

Kone\u010dn\u00fd s\u00fabor d\u00e1t obsahoval \u00fadaje od 4 014 pacientov. Pomocou kv\u00e1zi n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho pr\u00edstupu bolo zaraden\u00fdch 3 700 pacientov (DM 2. typu = 3 405, DM 1. typu = 295), 16 (DM 2. typu = 15, DM 1. typu = 1) bolo zaraden\u00fdch v skupine vo- pred \u0161pecifikovanej s trvan\u00edm DM < 5 rokov s hist\u00f3riou DR a 298 (DM 2. typu = 204, DM 1. typu = 94) pacientov s trvan\u00edm DM \u2265 20 rokov. V\u00fdsledky s\u00fa uv\u00e1dzan\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pod\u013ea typu DM.<\/p>\n

Podiel \u017eien bol podobn\u00fd v oboch skupin\u00e1ch s DM 2. aj\u00a0 1. typu (1 806 [53 %) vs 154 [52,2 %], v uvedenom porad\u00ed). Priemern\u00fd vek (SD) v \u010dase diagnostikovania DM bol 53,4 (9,5) roka u pacientov s DM 2. typu a 27,6 (12,9) roka s DM 1. typu. Priemern\u00fd vek (SD) pacientov bol 60,9 (9,5) roka u pacientov s DM 2. typu a 37,9 (12,1) roka u pacientov s DM 2. typu. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina pacientov v skupine s DM 2. typu bola vo veku medzi 50 \u2013 70 rokov, zatia\u013e \u010do v skupine s DM 1. typu boli do 45 rokov (obr\u00e1zok 1 A a B)<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Priemer (SD) trvania DM 2. typu bol 7,5 (5,2) roka a DM 1. typu 10,3 (6,9) roka. Trvanie ochorenia DM 2. typu u v\u00e4\u010d- \u0161iny (69,4 %) pacientov bolo < 10 rokov a viac ako \u2265 20 rokov iba u 40 (1,2 %) pacientov. Zo v\u0161etk\u00fdch pacientov s DM 2. typu malo 46,8 % trvanie ochorenia < 10 rokov a iba 5,4 % \u2265 20 rokov. Trvanie DM 2. a 1. typu kategorizovan\u00e9 pod\u013ea rokov trvania je zobrazen\u00e9 na obr\u00e1zku 2 C a D<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Priemer (SD) HbA1c (% DCCT) bol 7,5 (1,4) u pacientov s DM 2. typu a 8,5 (1,6) u pacientov s DM 1. typu. Hladiny HbA1c sa u v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny (72,6 %) pacientov s DM 2. typu pohybovali medzi 6 % \u2013 8,5 %, zatia\u013e \u010do u v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny (63,7 %) pacientov s DM 1. typu sa hladiny HbA1c pohybovali medzi 6,5 % \u2013 9 %. Celkovo 55,2 % pacientov s DM 2. typu a 81,8 % pacientov s DM 1. typu malo hladiny HbA1c nad norm\u00e1lnym rozp\u00e4t\u00edm (< 7 %)(7). Pri DM 2. typu mali 2 % pacientov hladiny HbA1c > 11, zatia\u013e \u010do pri DM 1. typu malo hladiny HbA1c > 11 5,8 % pacientov (obr\u00e1zok 3 E a F)<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

DCCT, \u0161t\u00fadia kontroly a komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed diabetu; HbA1c, glykovan\u00fd hemoglob\u00edn<\/p>\n

Prevalencia DR bola vy\u0161\u0161ia u pacientov s DM 2. a 1. typu s trvan\u00edm ochorenia \u2265 20 rokov v porovnan\u00ed s trvan\u00edm DM < 20 rokov (tabu\u013eka 1)<\/em><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

Diskusia<\/h4>\n

\u0160t\u00fadia DIARET SK bola prv\u00e1 a zatia\u013e jedin\u00e1 na Slovensku, v ktorej sa hodnotili epidemiologick\u00e9 charakteristiky pacientov s DM a DR a ich vplyv na vznik DR a DEM. Prevalencia DM st\u00fapa s rast\u00facim vekom(8) a sp\u00f4sobuje komplik\u00e1cie s\u00favisiace s DR. DR je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm indik\u00e1torom mikrovaskul\u00e1rnych komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed s\u00favisiacich s DM. V tejto \u0161t\u00fadii bol priemern\u00fd vek pacientov s DM 2. typu vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ako u pacientov s DM 1. typu a na\u0161e v\u00fdsledky s\u00fa podobn\u00e9, ako v\u00fdsledky hl\u00e1sen\u00e9 z ned\u00e1vno publikovanej d\u00e1nskej \u0161t\u00fadie(9). Sk\u00famanie rizikov\u00fdch faktorov tie\u017e odhalilo zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 \u00favahy v klinickej praxi aj vo v\u00fdskume. Hyperglyk\u00e9mia zost\u00e1va najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm modifikovate\u013en\u00fdm rizikov\u00fdm faktorom DR. HbA1c predstavuje chronick\u00fa koncentr\u00e1ciu gluk\u00f3zy v krvi a pou\u017e\u00edva sa ako marker na predpovedanie bud\u00facich komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed s\u00favisiacich s DM a ako kritick\u00fd parameter na hodnotenie vplyvu ochorenia(10). Na zistenie efektu zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch hlad\u00edn gluk\u00f3zy v krvi na mikrovaskul\u00e1rne komplik\u00e1cie u pacientov s DM 2. typu a 1. typu sa realizovalo nieko\u013eko klinick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed nazna\u010dili, \u017ee chronick\u00e9 zn\u00ed\u017eenie hlad\u00edn gluk\u00f3zy v krvi n\u00e1sledne zn\u00ed\u017eilo riziko DR(11-14). V\u00fdsledky zo \u0161t\u00fadie kontroly a komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed diabetu (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)) v USA a Kanade pre DM 1. typu(11) a z prospekt\u00edvnej \u0161t\u00fadie DM v Spojenom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve (the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS)) pre DM 2. typu(12) uk\u00e1zali ve\u013emi v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zn\u00ed\u017eenia (DCCT, p < 0,001; UKPDS, p = 0,009) incidencie a progresie DR u pacientov randomizovan\u00fdch na pr\u00edsnu kontrolu gluk\u00f3zy v krvi (HbA1c < 7 %). Na druhej strane v\u00fdsledky zo \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed ADVANCE a ACCORD uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee agres\u00edvna kontrola glyk\u00e9mie (< 6,5 %) v\u00fdznamne nezn\u00ed\u017eila riziko retinopatie(15,16).<\/p>\n

V \u0161t\u00fadii DIARET, bez oh\u013eadu na typ DM, mala v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina pacientov priemern\u00e9 hladiny HbA1c nad norm\u00e1lnym rozp\u00e4t\u00edm (> 7 %). Priemern\u00e9 hladiny HbA1c boli vy\u0161\u0161ie u pacientov\u00a0 s DM 1. typu v porovnan\u00ed s pacientmi 2. typu, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 jedn\u00fdm z d\u00f4vodov vy\u0161\u0161ej prevalencie DR u pacientov s DM 1. typu v \u0161t\u00fadii DIARET Tieto v\u00fdsledky zo \u0161t\u00fadie DIARET SK s\u00fa podobn\u00e9 ako v\u00fdsledky hl\u00e1sen\u00e9 zo \u0161panielskej popul\u00e1cie (priemer [SD]: 7,38 \u00b1 1,29 % pre DM 2. typu a 8,38 \u00b1 1,16 % pre DM 1. typu). Autori vy\u0161\u0161ie hodnoty ak\u00fdchko\u013evek DR pri DM 1. typu vysvet\u013euj\u00fa dvoma r\u00f4znymi pr\u00ed\u010dinami: (i) dlh\u0161ie trvanie DM (13,63 \u00b1 8,42 roka u pacientov s DM 1. typu v porovnan\u00ed s 8,25 \u00b1 6,1 roka u pacientov s DM 2. typu) a (ii) zl\u00e1 metabolick\u00e1 kontrola meran\u00e1 pomocou HbA1c (8,38 \u00b1 1,16 % u pacientov s DM 1. typu v porovnan\u00ed so 7,38 \u00b1 1,29 % u pacientov s DM 2. typu)(19). V liverpoolskej \u0161t\u00fadii bol medi\u00e1n trvania DM pri 2. type 3,2 roka a pri DM 1. typu 12,8 roka, vo waleskej \u0161t\u00fadii 5,3 roka a 16,7 roka v uvedenom porad\u00ed a v d\u00e1nskej \u0161t\u00fadii 8 rokov a 19 rokov v uvedenom porad\u00ed(17-19). V na\u0161ej \u0161t\u00fadii bol medi\u00e1n trvania DM 7 rokov u pacientov s DM 2. typu a 10 rokov u pacientov s DM 1. typu. V \u0161t\u00fadii DIARET SK v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina pacientov s DM 2. typu (69,4 %) ud\u00e1vala trvanie ochorenia < 10 rokov a iba 30,6 % pacientov s DM 1. typu a 53,2 % s DM typu > 10 rokov. To m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 jeden z d\u00f4vodov vy\u0161\u0161ej prevalencie DR medzi pacientmi s DM 1. typu v tejto \u0161t\u00fadii podobne, ako to bolo pozorovan\u00e9 v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich publikovan\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch(17-19). T\u00e1to epidemiologick\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia na slovenskej popul\u00e1cii potvrdzuje v\u00fdsledky predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed v in\u00fdch popul\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, \u017ee glykemick\u00e1 expoz\u00edcia (trvanie p\u00f4sobenia DM a HbA1c) je prevl\u00e1da- j\u00facim faktorom pri vzniku DR. V\u010dasn\u00e1 detekcia, dobr\u00e1 kontrola HbA1c a r\u00fdchla lie\u010dba umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa prevenciu zrakov\u00e9ho po\u0161kodenia s\u00favisiaceho s DM, lep\u0161\u00ed mana\u017ement t\u00fdchto pacientov a zn\u00ed\u017eenie z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ee lie\u010dbou. Pacienti s DM si vy\u017eaduj\u00fa pravideln\u00e9 sledovanie lek\u00e1rmi prim\u00e1rnej starostlivosti, aby optimalizovali svoj glykemick\u00fd index a aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo v\u00fdvoju a progresii DR a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed s\u00favisiacich s DM. \u00dadaje zo \u0161t\u00fadie DIARET SK poskytuj\u00fa z\u00e1klad na porovnanie slovensk\u00fdch epidemiologick\u00fdch \u00fadajov so \u0161t\u00fadiami z in\u00fdch kraj\u00edn, poskytuj\u00fa poh\u013ead na mana\u017ement a lep\u0161ie porozumenie tohto ochorenia ohrozuj\u00faceho zrak. DIARET SK je prv\u00e1 rozsiahla, dobre kontrolovan\u00e1 epidemiologick\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia, ktor\u00e1 hodnotila epidemiologick\u00e9 charakteristiky pacientov s DM a DR. Hlavnou silnou str\u00e1nkou tejto \u0161t\u00fadie je ve\u013ek\u00e1 vzorka pacientov. Pokia\u013e je n\u00e1m zn\u00e1me, zatia\u013e nebola publikovan\u00e1 \u017eiadna in\u00e1 epidemiologick\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia s tak\u00fdm vysok\u00fdm po\u010dtom pacientov.<\/p>\n

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Po\u010fakovanie: <\/em><\/strong>Tento <\/em>\u010dl\u00e1nok vznikol v\u010faka podpore v r\u00e1mci OP V\u00fdskum a v\u00fdvoj pre projekt: Centrum v\u00fdskumu z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed a ich komplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ITMS 26240120038, spolufinancovan\u00fd zo zdrojov Eur\u00f3pskeho fondu region\u00e1lneho rozvoja.<\/em><\/p>\n

MUDr.<\/em> Marta Ondrejkov\u00e1, PhD.: Potvrdzujem, \u017ee som dostala finan\u010dn\u00fa podporu od farmaceutick\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed Novartis a Bayer ako \u010dlenka Advisory Boardu a investig\u00e1torka v klinick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch.<\/em><\/p>\n

MUDr.<\/em> Monika Gajdo\u0161ov\u00e1: Spolupracujem s farmaceutick\u00fd- mi spolo\u010dnos\u0165ami Novartis, Bayer, Allergan a Zeiss ako konzultantka. Som \u010dlenka Advisory Boardu spolo\u010dnost\u00ed Novartis, Bayer, Allergan a hlavn\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161aj\u00faca vo viacer\u00fdch klinick\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch.<\/em><\/p>\n

MUDr.<\/em> Iveta Tvrd\u00e1 a MUDr. Jana Fabkov\u00e1: Potvrdzujeme, \u017ee sme zamestnankyne medic\u00ednskeho oddelenia spolo\u010dnosti Novartis Slovakia, s. r. o., \u017di\u017ekova 22B, Bratislava.<\/em><\/p>\n

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LITERAT\u00daRA<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
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  2. Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2012; 35(3): 556-564.<\/li>\n
  3. Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet 2010; 376(9735): 124-136.<\/li>\n
  4. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Research Group. Effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the progression of diabetic retinop- athy in patients with type 1 diabetes: 18 years of follow-up in the DCCT\/ EDIC. Diabetes 2015; 64(2): 631-642.<\/li>\n
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     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    *All tables, charts, graphs and pictures that are featured in this article can be found in the .pdf attachment at the end of the paper.   \u00davod Diabetes mellitus (DM) je jedn\u00fdm z najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch zdravotn\u00fdch probl\u00e9mov 21. storo\u010dia. Pod\u013ea \u00fadajov Medzin\u00e1rodnej feder\u00e1cie diabetu (International Diabetes Federation) z roku 2017 m\u00e1 takmer 425 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed vo<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[287],"tags":[1510,735,1509,1506,1507],"class_list":["post-2025","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-diabetic-macular-oedema","tag-diabetic-retinopathy","tag-gly-cated-hemoglobin","tag-type-1-diabetes-mellitus","tag-type-2-diabetes-mellitus","typ_clanku-original-work"],"acf":{"abstrakt":"

    Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the major cause of blindness in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). DIARET SK is the first epidemiological and multi-centre study in Slovakia aimed at evaluating the epidemiological character- istics in Slovak patients with type 1 and type 2 DM and DR. The epidemiological and multicenter survey includ- ed 4078 adult patients (\u226518 years of age) from 51 diabetologists and 47 ophthalmologists. The study enrolled 3700 patients (type 1 DM = 295, type 2 DM = 3405). The mean (SD) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 7.5(1,4) in type 2 DM patients and 8.5(1,6) in type 1 DM patients. The mean duration of type 2 DM was shorter compared to type 1 DM (7.5 [5.2] vs 10.3 [6.9] years). The most frequent factors contributing to the development of DR and DEM in Slovak patients were disease duration and higher HbA1c.<\/p>\n

    Keywords: <\/strong>diabetic retinopathy, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic macular oedema, gly- cated hemoglobin<\/p>\n","casopis":[{"ID":1893,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2020-05-05 11:32:54","post_date_gmt":"2020-05-05 09:32:54","post_content":"

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    • Identification of metabolic pathways in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy using exome sequencing \u2013 a pilot study<\/li>\r\n \t
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    • Carcinosarcoma-like endometrioid carcinoma of the uterus: case report of rare non-high-grade tumor<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","post_title":"newsLab","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"newslab-4","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2020-05-05 15:13:41","post_modified_gmt":"2020-05-05 13:13:41","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/?post_type=casopis&p=1893","menu_order":0,"post_type":"casopis","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"strana":"9-13","upload_clanok":{"ID":2023,"id":2023,"title":"NEWSLAB_1-2020_Ondrejkov\u00e1","filename":"NEWSLAB_1-2020_Ondrejkov\u00e1.pdf","filesize":287543,"url":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/NEWSLAB_1-2020_Ondrejkov\u00e1.pdf","link":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/epidemiological-characteristics-of-patients-with-diabetic-retinopathy-in-slovakia-results-from-the-diaret-sk-study\/newslab_1-2020_ondrejkova-3\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"newslab_1-2020_ondrejkova-3","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":2025,"date":"2020-05-05 19:34:19","modified":"2020-05-05 19:34:19","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"application\/pdf","type":"application","subtype":"pdf","icon":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/document.png"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2025","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2025"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2025\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2025"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2025"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2025"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}