{"id":2194,"date":"2020-09-07T15:01:00","date_gmt":"2020-09-07T13:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/globalne-zmeny-a-ich-vplyv-na-vyskyt-parazitoz-na-slovensku\/"},"modified":"2020-09-07T15:03:14","modified_gmt":"2020-09-07T13:03:14","slug":"global-changes-and-their-impact-on-the-occurrence-of-parasitosis-in-slovakia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/global-changes-and-their-impact-on-the-occurrence-of-parasitosis-in-slovakia\/","title":{"rendered":"Global changes and their impact on the occurrence of parasitosis in Slovakia"},"content":{"rendered":"

*All tables, charts, graphs and pictures that are featured in this article can be found in the .pdf attachment at the end of the paper.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Parazit\u00e1rne n\u00e1kazy m\u00f4\u017eu prebieha\u0165 v z\u00e1vislosti od druhu parazita, stup\u0148a infek\u010dnej d\u00e1vky a odolnosti jedinca od klinicky inaparentn\u00fdch n\u00e1kaz a\u017e po smrte\u013en\u00e9 pr\u00edpady. V poslednej dobe sa do pozornosti dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa probl\u00e9my novoobjavuj\u00facich sa n\u00e1kaz, autocht\u00f3nnych, ale aj importovan\u00fdch na na\u0161e \u00fazemie v d\u00f4sledku glob\u00e1lnych zmien. Glob\u00e1lne klimatick\u00e9 zmeny predstavuj\u00fa alarmuj\u00faci faktor \u0161\u00edrenia parazit\u00e1rnych ochoren\u00ed, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00fdch vektormi z endemick\u00fdch tepl\u00fdch oblast\u00ed do \u00fazem\u00ed, kde sa predt\u00fdm tieto n\u00e1kazy nevyskytovali( 1,2).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vplyv glob\u00e1lnych zmien na roz\u0161\u00edrenie \u010dl\u00e1nkono\u017ecov ako vektorov parazit\u00e1rnych ochoren\u00ed <\/strong><\/p>\n

V d\u00f4sledku klimatick\u00fdch zmien sa rad teplomilnej\u0161\u00edch druhov \u010dl\u00e1nkono\u017ecov pos\u00fava postupne z p\u00f4vodn\u00fdch ju\u017en\u00fdch are\u00e1lov ich vlastn\u00e9ho roz\u0161\u00edrenia do nov\u00fdch severnej\u0161\u00edch oblast\u00ed. Napr. severn\u00e1 hranica roz\u0161\u00edrenia druhov rodu Phlebotomus, vektora p\u00f4vodcu leishmani\u00f3zy psov i \u010dloveka prech\u00e1dza na\u0161\u00edm \u00fazem\u00edm, a to ju\u017enou hranicou Slovenska. V\u00fdrazn\u00e9 premno\u017eenie \u010fal\u0161ej gener\u00e1cie kalamitn\u00fdch druhov kom\u00e1rov, napr. Aedes vexans, Ochlerotaus sticticus m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 okrem prim\u00e1rneho v\u00fdznamu ako krv cicaj\u00facich tr\u00e1pi\u010dov \u010dloveka a \u017eivo\u010d\u00edchov i sekund\u00e1rny v\u00fdznam zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9ho po\u010dtu najm\u00e4 v\u00edrusov\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed (v\u00edrus \u0164ahy\u0148a ). V roku 2010 bol na v\u00fdchodnom Slovensku zisten\u00fd kom\u00e1r Aedes albopictus jeden z najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00edch druhov vektorov mnoh\u00fdch p\u00f4vodcov ob\u00e1van\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed, hlavne Dengue, West Nile, Zika, Chikungunya, dirofil\u00e1ri\u00ed(3). Tento druh sa ve\u013emi r\u00fdchle prisp\u00f4sobuje urb\u00e1nnemu prostrediu a \u00faspe\u0161ne sa rozmno\u017euje v tzv. antropoterm\u00e1ch (r\u00f4zne n\u00e1dr\u017ee s vodou s\u00favisiace s \u010dinnos\u0165ou \u010dloveka).
\nZ lokal\u00edt p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho v\u00fdskytu v juhov\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii sa roz\u0161\u00edril do r\u00f4znych oblast\u00ed sveta, do Eur\u00f3py sa roz\u0161\u00edril lo\u010fou z Ameriky v pneumatik\u00e1ch naplnen\u00fdch da\u017e\u010fovou vodou. Neobvykl\u00e9 tepl\u00e9 obdobie za\u010diatku roku 2007 sa prejavilo i vo fenol\u00f3gii mu\u0161kovit\u00fdch (Diptera, Simuliidae). Ka\u017ed\u00e9mu z n\u00e1s s\u00fa zn\u00e1me zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 v horsk\u00fdch a n\u00ed\u017einn\u00fdch oblastiach ako p\u00f4vodcovia ve\u013emi nepr\u00edjemnej dermatit\u00eddy, tzv. simuli\u00f3zy. Glob\u00e1lne zmeny sa v\u00fdrazne prejavuj\u00fa aj v aktivite v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch druhov ektoparazitov z radu rozto\u010dov (Acarina). Aj v zimn\u00fdch mesiacoch nach\u00e1dzame akt\u00edvne jedince klie\u0161\u0165ov z rodov Ixodes a Dermacentor, zn\u00e1me ako pren\u00e1\u0161a\u010de v\u00edrusu klie\u0161\u0165ovej encefalit\u00eddy a p\u00f4vodcu lymskej boreli\u00f3zy. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd je i fakt, \u017ee z orografick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska druh Ixodes ricinus bol zisten\u00fd i nad 800 m. nad morom v Tatr\u00e1ch i napr. Alp\u00e1ch aj v minulom storo\u010d\u00ed, zd\u00e1 sa v\u0161ak, \u017ee denzity klie\u0161\u0165ov s\u00fa v hor\u00e1ch vy\u0161\u0161ie ako v minulosti(4).<\/p>\n

Vplyv glob\u00e1lnych zmien na roz\u0161\u00edrenie parazitozoon\u00f3z<\/strong><\/p>\n

Parazitozoon\u00f3zy, choroby prenosn\u00e9 zo zvierat na \u013eud\u00ed vyvolan\u00e9 z\u00e1rodkami parazitov, s\u00fa \u010fal\u0161\u00edm permanentne v\u00e1\u017enym probl\u00e9mom pre zdravie na\u0161ej popul\u00e1cie. Glob\u00e1lne zmeny sa m\u00f4\u017eu prejavi\u0165 napr. z\u00e1plavami, v d\u00f4sledku ktor\u00fdch m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k \u0161\u00edreniu z\u00e1rodkov parazitov na ve\u013ek\u00e9 vzdialenosti(3). Pr\u00edkladom tak\u00e9hoto \u0161\u00edrenia s\u00fa leptospiry a tzv. l\u00ed\u0161\u010dia p\u00e1somnica Echinococcus multilocularis, ktor\u00e1 bola zisten\u00e1 na Slovensku v roku 1999. Roz\u0161\u00edrenie tohto parazita l\u00ed\u0161kami hrdzav\u00fdmi z endemick\u00fdch alpsk\u00fdch oblast\u00ed na na\u0161e \u00fazemie umo\u017enilo odstr\u00e1nenie hrani\u010dn\u00fdch plotov v roku 1989 a 1990(1). U \u010dloveka je E. multilocularis p\u00f4vodcom z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9ho ochorenia pe\u010dene naz\u00fdvan\u00e9ho alveokok\u00f3za. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je na Slovensku zn\u00e1mych vy\u0161e 80 pr\u00edpadov tohto ochorenia. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm parazitom, ktor\u00fd sa vplyvom glob\u00e1lneho otep\u013eovania i importu roz\u0161\u00edril na Slovensko, boli helminty rodu Dirofilaria, ktor\u00fdch larv\u00e1lne \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1 s\u00fa pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 kom\u00e1rmi. Parazituj\u00fa v psoch a in\u00fdch m\u00e4so\u017eravcoch, pr\u00edle\u017eitostne aj u \u010dloveka. Dirofilaria immitis sp\u00f4sobuje z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 kardiovaskul\u00e1rne ochorenie psov. Dirofilaria repens sa u \u010dloveka lokalizuje hlavne pod ko\u017eou, v oku, skrote i r\u00f4znych in\u00fdch org\u00e1noch. V r. 2005 bola t\u00e1to fil\u00e1ria prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t na Slovensku zisten\u00e1 v psoch(5) a v roku 2007 bola izolovan\u00e1 aj u \u010dloveka a v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti m\u00e1me u n\u00e1s dokumentovan\u00fdch 24 pr\u00edpadov dirofilari\u00f3zy, z toho \u0161tyri o\u010dn\u00e9(6). Ve\u013ek\u00e9 riziko pre na\u0161e zemepisn\u00e9 \u0161\u00edrky predstavuje \u0161\u00edrenie mal\u00e1rie v d\u00f4sledku glob\u00e1lneho oteplenia. Mal\u00e1ria bola u n\u00e1s eradikovan\u00e1 v roku 1963, no mo\u017enos\u0165 reintrodukcie malarick\u00fdch plazm\u00f3di\u00ed je aj u n\u00e1s viac ako re\u00e1lna a znepokojuj\u00faca.
\nPren\u00e1\u0161a\u010de \u2013 druhy kom\u00e1rov rodu Anopheles sa u n\u00e1s vyskytuj\u00fa v \u0161iestich druhoch. V roku 2003 sme zistili v\u00fdskyt \u010fal\u0161ieho druhu z uveden\u00e9ho rodu: Anopheles hyrcanus, doteraz zn\u00e1meho iba z ju\u017en\u00fdch oblast\u00ed Eur\u00f3py(7).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/strong><\/p>\n

V stru\u010dnom preh\u013eade sme sa pok\u00fasili na\u010drtn\u00fa\u0165 mo\u017en\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 \u0161\u00edrenia niektor\u00fdch parazit\u00e1rnych chor\u00f4b \u010dloveka v d\u00f4sledku glob\u00e1lnych zmien, z ktor\u00fdch viacer\u00e9 s\u00fa u\u017e realitou aj v na\u0161ich zemepisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00edrkach. Informovanos\u0165 o t\u00fdchto rizik\u00e1ch m\u00e1 baz\u00e1lny v\u00fdznam pre ochranu zdravia \u013eud\u00ed, povinnos\u0165ou zdravotn\u00edkov je d\u00f4kladn\u00e1 pripravenos\u0165 s dispoz\u00edciou \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu opatren\u00ed schopn\u00fdch zvl\u00e1dnu\u0165 tieto rizik\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Po\u010fakovanie:<\/strong> \u0160t\u00fadia bola podporen\u00e1 projektom KEGA \u010d. 013TTU-4\/2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

LITERAT\u00daRA<\/strong>
\n1. Dubinsk\u00fd P. Glob\u00e1lne klimatick\u00e9 zmeny a ich vplyv na parazit\u00e1rne choroby. In: Holkov\u00e1 R., Totkov\u00e1 A., Klobu\u0161ick\u00fd M. (eds.) X. Aktu\u00e1lne probl\u00e9my hum\u00e1nnej parazitol\u00f3gie. PA\u00da LFUK Bratislava. 2003; 7-10.
\n2. Duvallet G. Parasites, vecteurs de pathog\u00e9nes et changements climatiques. Hydro\u00e9col Appl 2006; 15: 87-96.
\n3. Bockov\u00e1 E, Ko\u010di\u0161ov\u00e1 A, Letkov\u00e1 V. First record of Aedes albopictus in Slovakia. Acta parasitologica 2013; 58(4): 603-606.
\n4. Stanko M. Maj\u00fa klimatick\u00e9 zmeny vplyv na v\u00fdskyt a roz\u0161\u00edrenie klie\u0161\u0165ov na Slovensku? Veda na dosah 2017. Dostupn\u00e9 na https:\/\/vedanadosah.cvtisr.sk\/
\n5. Slifko TR, Smith HV, Rose JB. Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with water and food. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30: 1379-1393.
\n6. Beladi\u010dov\u00e1 V, Valentov\u00e1 D. Prv\u00fd z\u00e1chyt dirofil\u00e1ri\u00ed na Slovensku. In: Holkov\u00e1 R, Totkov\u00e1 A, Klobu\u0161ick\u00fd M. (eds.), XII. Aktu\u00e1lne probl\u00e9my hum\u00e1nnej parazitol\u00f3gie, PA\u00da LFUK Bratislava 2005; s. 11-12.
\n7. Miterp\u00e1kov\u00e1 M, Antolov\u00e1 D, Ondriska F, G\u00e1l V. Human Dirofilaria repens infections diagnosed in Slovakia in the last 10 years (2007\u20132017). Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 2017; 129: 634-641.
\n8. Halgo\u0161 J, Benkov\u00e1 I. First recordof Anopheles hyrcanus (Diptera, Culicidae) from Slovakia. Biologia 2004; 59(Suppl. 15): 67.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

*All tables, charts, graphs and pictures that are featured in this article can be found in the .pdf attachment at the end of the paper.   Parazit\u00e1rne n\u00e1kazy m\u00f4\u017eu prebieha\u0165 v z\u00e1vislosti od druhu parazita, stup\u0148a infek\u010dnej d\u00e1vky a odolnosti jedinca od klinicky inaparentn\u00fdch n\u00e1kaz a\u017e po smrte\u013en\u00e9 pr\u00edpady. V poslednej dobe sa do pozornosti<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1596],"tags":[1684,1686,1685],"class_list":["post-2194","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-parazitologia-en","tag-global-changes","tag-imported-diseasesnakazy","tag-parasitic-diseases","typ_clanku-original-work"],"acf":{"abstrakt":"

Globally, especially climate and social changes, increasing tourism bring an extraordinary risk of importing parasitosis from the tropics and subtropics, including the possibility of permanent introduction of their causative agents and vectors into our region. Proof of this is, e.g. Echinococcus multilocularis, which was first discovered in Slovakia in 1999, Dirofilaria repens in 2005, which did not occur in our country before. Global warming also conditioned the spread and survival of mosquito species, which previously occurred only in the warm areas of the tropics and subtropics, and other insect species as vectors of various pathogens of serious human diseases.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong> global changes, parasitic diseases, imported diseasesn\u00e1kazy<\/p>\n","casopis":[{"ID":2132,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2020-09-04 08:09:57","post_date_gmt":"2020-09-04 06:09:57","post_content":"SUPPLEMENT\r\n\r\nPri pr\u00edle\u017eitosti odbornej konferencie\r\n\r\nI. Aktu\u00e1lne probl\u00e9my hum\u00e1nnej parazitol\u00f3gie<\/strong>\r\n