{"id":2390,"date":"2022-02-09T13:29:48","date_gmt":"2022-02-09T12:29:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/extracelularne-vezikuly-a-ich-potencialne-vyuzitie-v-klinickej-praxi\/"},"modified":"2022-02-10T02:21:22","modified_gmt":"2022-02-10T01:21:22","slug":"extracellular-vesicles-and-their-potential-use-in-clinical-practice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/extracellular-vesicles-and-their-potential-use-in-clinical-practice\/","title":{"rendered":"Extracellular vesicles and their potential use in clinical practice"},"content":{"rendered":"

*A rare case of autochthonous human dirofilariasis with the manifestation of pseudotumor of the epididymis caused by helminth Dirofilaria repens<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

\u00davod<\/h3>\n

Extracelul\u00e1rne vezikuly (EVs) s\u00fa lipidovou membr\u00e1nou obkolesen\u00e9 vezikuly nanometrov\u00fdch rozmerov. Tieto membr\u00e1nov\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary s\u00fa sekretovan\u00e9 v\u0161etk\u00fdmi druhmi buniek a obsahuj\u00fa lipidy, prote\u00edny a r\u00f4zne druhy nukleov\u00fdch kysel\u00edn. EVs zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa mikrovezikuly (MV), exoz\u00f3my, onkoz\u00f3my, argoz\u00f3my aj apoptotick\u00e9 telieska a s\u00fa klasifikovan\u00e9 pod\u013ea ve\u013ekosti, obsahu, synt\u00e9zy a funkcie(1). MV sa odde\u013euj\u00fa priamo z plazmatickej membr\u00e1ny, s\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 100 nm a\u017e 1 \u00b5m a obsahuj\u00fa cytoplazmatick\u00fd materi\u00e1l(2). \u010eal\u0161\u00ed druh EV, exoz\u00f3my, s\u00fa tvoren\u00e9 f\u00faziou medzi multivezikul\u00e1rnymi telieskami a plazmatickou membr\u00e1nou, pri ktorej multivezikul\u00e1rne telieska uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa men\u0161ie vezikuly (exoz\u00f3my), ich ve\u013ekos\u0165 je v rozmedz\u00ed 40 \u2013 120 nm (obr\u00e1zok 1). Umieraj\u00face bunky uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa takzvan\u00e9 vezikul\u00e1rne apoptotick\u00e9 telieska, s ve\u013ekos\u0165ou 50 nm \u2013 2 \u03bcm, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 za \u0161pecifick\u00fdch podmienok zast\u00fapen\u00e9 viac ako exoz\u00f3my alebo MV a m\u00f4\u017eu sa l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 aj obsahom(3). Membr\u00e1nov\u00e9 v\u00fd\u010dnelky m\u00f4\u017eu tie\u017e vies\u0165 k vzniku ve\u013ek\u00fdch EV, naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch onkoz\u00f3my (1 \u2013 10 \u00b5m), ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa produkovan\u00e9 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm mal\u00edgnymi bunkami(4). Posledn\u00fdm typom EV s\u00fa argoz\u00f3my. Argoz\u00f3my boli objaven\u00e9 v imagin\u00e1lnom disku epit\u00e9lia Drosophila melanogaster. Poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z bazolater\u00e1lnych membr\u00e1n a s\u00fa produkovan\u00e9 mnoh\u00fdmi r\u00f4znymi oblas\u0165ami imagin\u00e1lneho disku. Cestuj\u00fa cez susedn\u00e9 tkanivo, kde sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa preva\u017ene v endoz\u00f3moch. \u00dalohou argoz\u00f3mov je transport a \u0161\u00edrenie wingless prote\u00ednu(5). Dlh\u00fd \u010das boli EV vn\u00edman\u00e9 ako n\u00e1stroje bunky pre odb\u00faravanie odpadov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. V poslednej dek\u00e1de v\u0161ak v\u00fdskum oh\u013eadom EV v\u00fdznamne pokro\u010dil a v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa vie, \u017ee ich \u00faloha je omnoho rozsiahlej\u0161ia. Podie\u013eaj\u00fa sa na mnoh\u00fdch procesoch a s\u00fa n\u00e1strojmi bunky pre kontrolu jej okolia(6). EV sl\u00fa\u017eia ako d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 medi\u00e1tory intracelul\u00e1rnej komunik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e1 ovplyv\u0148uje fyziologick\u00e9 a patologick\u00e9 stavy(7). P\u00f4vodne sa myslelo, \u017ee intracelul\u00e1rna komunik\u00e1cia prebieha v\u00fdhradne cez priame bunkov\u00e9 kontakty, cytok\u00edny, horm\u00f3ny a rastov\u00e9 faktory. V roku 1996 v\u0161ak Raposo a kolekt\u00edv preuk\u00e1zali, \u017ee intracelul\u00e1rna komunik\u00e1cia m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 takisto sprostredkovan\u00e1 vezikul\u00e1rnou aktivitou(8). Ke\u010f\u017ee EV s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 transportu ve\u013ek\u00e9ho mno\u017estva prote\u00ednov, lipidov a\u00a0 nukleov\u00fdch kysel\u00edn, s\u00fa zahrnut\u00e9 v r\u00f4znych sign\u00e1lnych dr\u00e1hach. EV ako medi\u00e1tory intracelul\u00e1rnej komunik\u00e1cie dopravuj\u00fa r\u00f4zne molekuly z jednej bunky do druhej v\u00e4zbou na jej receptory a takto priamo ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa kond\u00edciu danej bunky. Preto maj\u00fa schopnos\u0165 zvy\u0161ova\u0165 regener\u00e1ciu tkan\u00edv a podie\u013ea\u0165 sa na imunitnej modul\u00e1cii. Vzh\u013eadom na schopnos\u0165 EV pren\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 bioakt\u00edvne zlo\u017eky a prekon\u00e1va\u0165 biologick\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry, s\u00fa EV v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti \u010doraz viac sk\u00faman\u00e9 pre ich potenci\u00e1lnu schopnos\u0165 p\u00f4sobi\u0165 ako terapeutick\u00e9 \u010dinidl\u00e1. Takisto s\u00fa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 ako alternat\u00edva lie\u010dby kme\u0148ov\u00fdmi bunkami a biologicky upraven\u00e9 EV m\u00f4\u017eu sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 ako nosi\u010de r\u00f4znych terapeutick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok(7).<\/p>\n

Stavba a\u00a0zlo\u017eenie extracelul\u00e1rnych vezik\u00fal<\/h3>\n

EV pozost\u00e1vaj\u00fa z lipidovej dvojvrstvy podobnej tej v cytoplazmatickej membr\u00e1ne. Napr\u00edklad exoz\u00f3my s\u00fa obohaten\u00e9 o sfingomyel\u00edn, gangliozidy, disaturovan\u00e9 lipidy a podiel fosfatidylchol\u00ednu a diacylglycerolu je zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fd v porovnan\u00ed s mno\u017estvom t\u00fdchto lipidov v bunk\u00e1ch ich p\u00f4vodu(9). Exoz\u00f3my sa vyzna\u010duj\u00fa aj zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdm mno\u017estvom cholesterolu v porovnan\u00ed s in\u00fdmi typmi bunkov\u00fdch membr\u00e1n(10). EV obsahuj\u00fa enz\u00fdmy metabolizmu lipidov vr\u00e1tane fosfolip\u00e1z D a A2, ktor\u00fdch aktivita z\u00e1vis\u00ed od pr\u00edtomnosti GTP(10). Adipocyty za hypoxick\u00fdch podmienok vylu\u010duj\u00fa EV so zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdmi hladinami enz\u00fdmov potrebn\u00fdch na de novo lipogen\u00e9zu vr\u00e1tane synt\u00e1zy mastn\u00fdch kysel\u00edn(11). Norm\u00e1lne adipocyty o\u0161etren\u00e9 t\u00fdmito EV maj\u00fa tendenciu akumulova\u0165 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie mno\u017estvo lipidov, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v d\u00f4sledku pr\u00edtomnosti synt\u00e1zy mastn\u00fdch kysel\u00edn pren\u00e1\u0161anej v t\u00fdchto EV. EV bazof\u00edln\u00fdch buniek RBL-2H3 tie\u017e transportuj\u00fa bioakt\u00edvne lipidy, ako napr. kyselinu arachid\u00f3nov\u00fa a prostagland\u00edn E2(10). Porovnan\u00edm p\u00f4vodnej rakovinovej bunkovej l\u00ednie s EV vzniknut\u00fdmi z tejto l\u00ednie, EV s\u00fa obohaten\u00e9 o ceramidy, kyselinu fosfatidov\u00fa, in\u00e9 lipidy a lipidov\u00e9 metabolick\u00e9 enz\u00fdmy, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa schopnos\u0165 ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 stav recipientn\u00fdch buniek(10). Okrem lipidov s\u00fa v EV pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 aj molekuly RNA. T\u00e1to transportovan\u00e1 RNA m\u00e1 menej ako 200 nukleotidov, je teda krat\u0161ia ako RNA priemernej bunkovej frakcie(13). V r\u00e1mci EV boli n\u00e1jden\u00e9 molekuly tRNA, miRNA aj dlh\u00e9 k\u00f3duj\u00face a nek\u00f3duj\u00face RNA(4,13). Mno\u017estvo RNA v r\u00e1mci EV sa l\u00ed\u0161i v z\u00e1vislosti od bunkov\u00e9ho typu a p\u00f4vodu. Niektor\u00e9 EV rakovinov\u00fdch buniek obsahuj\u00fa viac celkovej RNA ako EV norm\u00e1lnych buniek. EV m\u00f4\u017eu takisto transportova\u0165 molekuly DNA, ktor\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 ve\u013ekos\u0165 od 100 b\u00e1zov\u00fdch p\u00e1rov (bp) a\u017e po 2\u2009500 bp. V r\u00e1mci EV je DNA obkolesen\u00e1 membr\u00e1nou, t\u00e1 v\u0161ak DNA nechr\u00e1ni pred DN\u00e1zovou aktivitou. Sekvenovan\u00edm celkovej exozom\u00e1lnej DNA sa uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee exoz\u00f3my obsahuj\u00fa v\u0161etky sekvencie genomickej DNA. Celkov\u00e1 sekvenovan\u00e1 EVDNA v r\u00e1mci exoz\u00f3mov experiment\u00e1lnych my\u0161\u00edch buniek melan\u00f3mu B16-F10, ako aj v r\u00e1mci s\u00e9ra pacientov s rakovinou pankreasu potvrdila, \u017ee exoz\u00f3my zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa DNA materi\u00e1l naprie\u010d cel\u00fdm gen\u00f3mom(14). Prote\u00ednov\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie EV je v niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch s\u00favisiace s\u00a0 typom bunky a\u00a0 sp\u00f4sobom ich biogen\u00e9zy. Exoz\u00f3my poch\u00e1dzaj\u00face z endolyzozom\u00e1lneho syst\u00e9mu m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 obohaten\u00e9 o hlavn\u00fd histokompatibiln\u00fd syst\u00e9m triedy II (trieda MHC II) a tetraspan\u00edny CD37, CD53, CD63, CD81 a CD82(2). Zatia\u013e \u010do celkov\u00fd prote\u00ednov\u00fd profil MV je ve\u013emi z\u00e1visl\u00fd od ich p\u00f4vodu a met\u00f3dy izol\u00e1cie, MV obsahuj\u00fa aj skupiny prote\u00ednov typick\u00e9 pre tieto \u0161trukt\u00fary. S\u00fa to prote\u00edny nach\u00e1dzaj\u00face sa v r\u00e1mci MV nez\u00e1visle od p\u00f4vodu MV a pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 t\u00fdchto prote\u00ednov odzrkad\u013euje sp\u00f4sob ich biogen\u00e9zy(15). Preto\u017ee MV vznikaj\u00fa vonkaj\u0161\u00edm pu\u010dan\u00edm bunkovej plazmatickej membr\u00e1ny, nie je prekvapuj\u00face, \u017ee ich obsah tvoria hlavne cytosolick\u00e9 a s cytoplazmatickou membr\u00e1nou spojen\u00e9 prote\u00edny, obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 prote\u00edny zhroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00face sa na povrchu cytoplazmatickej membr\u00e1ny, napr\u00edklad tetraspan\u00edny(16).<\/p>\n

Na rozdiel od exoz\u00f3mov a MV apoptotick\u00e9 telieska obsahuj\u00fa neporu\u0161en\u00e9 organely, chromat\u00edn a mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00e1 glykozylovan\u00fdch prote\u00ednov(1). M\u00f4\u017eeme teda o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ie mno\u017estvo prote\u00ednov spojen\u00fdch s jadrom, mitochondriami, Golgiho apar\u00e1tom a endoplazmatick\u00fdm retikulom. Proteomick\u00fd profil apoptotick\u00fdch teliesok a bunkov\u00e9ho lyz\u00e1tu je do ve\u013ekej miery zhodn\u00fd, zatia\u013e \u010do medzi proteomick\u00fdm profilom \u010fal\u0161\u00edch typov EV a profilom bunkov\u00e9ho lyz\u00e1tu existuj\u00fa v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 rozdiely(17).<\/p>\n

Extracelul\u00e1rne vezikuly ako zdroj biomarkerov<\/h3>\n

Vyu\u017eitie extracelul\u00e1rnych vezik\u00fal ako zdroja biomarkerov, najm\u00e4 exoz\u00f3mov a mikrovezik\u00fal, je v aktu\u00e1lnej literat\u00fare ve\u013emi dobre etablovan\u00e9. Ich aplik\u00e1cia a pou\u017eitie v r\u00e1mci klinick\u00fdch \u00fa\u010delov je ve\u013emi podobn\u00e1(17). Pou\u017eitie exoz\u00f3mov ako zdrojov biomarkerov je ide\u00e1lne, preto\u017ee sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v telov\u00fdch tekutin\u00e1ch, ako je krv a mo\u010d, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje minim\u00e1lne a\u017e neinvaz\u00edvne met\u00f3dy, ako kvapaln\u00e1 biopsia, na diagnostiku a monitorovanie odpovede pacienta na lie\u010dbu. Schopnos\u0165 exoz\u00f3mov odzrkad\u013eova\u0165 reakciu pacienta na lie\u010dbu je \u010fal\u0161\u00edm potenci\u00e1lnym vyu\u017eit\u00edm t\u00fdchto EV v klinickom prostred\u00ed(18). Ak markery ur\u010dit\u00e9ho ochorenia priamo koreluj\u00fa s jeho \u0161t\u00e1diom a ak lie\u010dba u pacienta funguje, mo\u017eno u neho pozorova\u0165 zmeny hlad\u00edn biomarkerov(17). Bolo zisten\u00e9, \u017ee exoz\u00f3my nach\u00e1dzaj\u00face sa v mozgovomiechovom moku a v plazme obsahuj\u00fa alfasynukle\u00edn, prote\u00edn sp\u00e1jan\u00fd s Parkinsonovou chorobou. Ned\u00e1vna \u0161t\u00fadia tie\u017e op\u00edsala exoz\u00f3my a MV sekretovan\u00e9 bunkami glioblast\u00f3mu, ktor\u00e9 odzrkad\u013euj\u00fa molekul\u00e1rne zlo\u017eenia a vlastnosti buniek ich p\u00f4vodu a s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 opusti\u0165 prostredie n\u00e1doru, dosta\u0165 sa do mozgovomiechov\u00e9ho moku a z neho do krvn\u00e9ho obehu(19). Takisto exoz\u00f3my izolovan\u00e9 z mo\u010du preuk\u00e1zali schopnos\u0165 odzrkad\u013eova\u0165 ak\u00fatne po\u0161kodenie obli\u010diek(20). V r\u00e1mci exoz\u00f3mov boli \u00faspe\u0161ne n\u00e1jden\u00e9 aj biomarkery rakoviny pankreasu a rakoviny p\u013e\u00fac(21). Proteomick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza EVs rakoviny vaje\u010dn\u00edkov zistila pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 prote\u00ednov podliehaj\u00facich acetyl\u00e1ci\u00e1m a\u00a0 fosforyl\u00e1ci\u00e1m. Medzi najviac zast\u00fapen\u00e9 prote\u00edny patrila fosfatidylinozitol-3-kin\u00e1za (PI3K), mitog\u00e9nom aktivovan\u00e1 prote\u00ednkin\u00e1za (MAPK) a \u010dlenovia ErbB rodiny prote\u00ednov(22). Toto zistenie by mohlo \u010diasto\u010dne vysvetli\u0165 siln\u00fd biologick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinok EV na bunky pr\u00edjemcu, preto\u017ee kin\u00e1zy \u010dasto sl\u00fa\u017eia ako k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 molekuly bunkovej signaliz\u00e1cie(23). Takisto treba spomen\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee prote\u00edny na povrchu EV indikuj\u00fa biologick\u00fd status buniek, z ktor\u00fdch poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa. Napr\u00edklad expresia prote\u00ednov EpCam, CD24, CA-125, CA19-9, EGFR, a CLDN3 je spolo\u010dn\u00e1 pre bunky rakoviny vaje\u010dn\u00edkov a\u00a0 nimi produkovan\u00fdmi extracelul\u00e1rnymi vezikulami(24), \u010do zna\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee dan\u00e9 prote\u00edny m\u00f4\u017eu sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 ako biologick\u00e9 markery pre tento typ rakoviny.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1ver<\/h3>\n

Z aktu\u00e1lnej vedeckej literat\u00fary je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee obsah extracelul\u00e1rnych vezik\u00fal priamo odr\u00e1\u017ea stav buniek, z ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa uvo\u013e\u0148ovan\u00e9 do extracelul\u00e1rneho priestoru. V\u010faka ich v\u00fdskytu v mnoh\u00fdch telov\u00fdch tekutin\u00e1ch mo\u017eno neinvaz\u00edvnym sp\u00f4sobom identifikova\u0165 biomarkery, ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa a s\u00fa \u0161pecifick\u00e9 pre ur\u010dit\u00e9 ochorenie. Extracelul\u00e1rne vezikuly preto m\u00f4\u017eu zohr\u00e1va\u0165 d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu v diagnostike, terapii a v neposlednom rade pri sledovan\u00ed priebehu ochorenia, resp. progresie lie\u010dby s potenci\u00e1lom poskytn\u00fa\u0165 pacientovi kvalitnej\u0161iu zdravotn\u00fa starostlivos\u0165.<\/p>\n

Po\u010fakovanie<\/strong>
\nT\u00e1to publik\u00e1cia vznikla v\u010faka podpore v r\u00e1mci Opera\u010dn\u00e9ho programu Integrovan\u00e1 infra\u0161trukt\u00fara pre projekt: Centrum pre biomedic\u00ednsky v\u00fdskum \u2013 BIOMEDIRES \u2013 II. etapa , k\u00f3d ITMS: 313011W428, spolufinancovan\u00fd zo zdrojov Eur\u00f3pskeho fondu region\u00e1lneho rozvoja.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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18. Sonoda H, Yokota-Ikeda N, Oshikawa S, et al. Decreased abundance of urinary exosomal aquaporin-1 in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009; 297(4): F1006\u201316.<\/p>\n

19. Giusti I, Di Francesco M, Dolo\u00a0V. Extracellular vesicles in glioblastoma: Role in biological processes and in therapeutic applications. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 2017; 17(3) :221\u201335.<\/p>\n

20. Zhou H, Pisitkun T, Aponte A, et al. Exosomal Fetuin-A\u00a0identified by proteomics: A\u00a0novel urinary biomarker for detecting acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2006; 70(10) :1847\u201357.<\/p>\n

21. Sandfeld-Paulsen B, Aggerholm-Pedersen N, B\u00e6k R, et al. Exosomal proteins as prognostic biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol On-col. 2016; 10(10) :1595.<\/p>\n

22. Sinha A, Ignatchenko V, Ignatchenko A, et al. In-depth proteomic analyses of ovarian cancer cell line exosomes reveals differential enrichment of functional categories compared to the NCI 60 proteome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014; 445(4) :694\u2013701.<\/p>\n

23. Zaborowski MP, Balaj L, Breakefield XO, et al. Extracellular Vesicles: Composition, Biological Relevance, and Methods of Study. BioScience. 2015; 65(8) :783\u201397.<\/p>\n

24. Im H, Shao H, Park YI, et al. Label-free detection and molecular profiling of exosomes with a nano-plasmonic sensor. Nat Biotechnol. 2014; 32(5) :490\u20135.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

*A rare case of autochthonous human dirofilariasis with the manifestation of pseudotumor of the epididymis caused by helminth Dirofilaria repens \u00davod Extracelul\u00e1rne vezikuly (EVs) s\u00fa lipidovou membr\u00e1nou obkolesen\u00e9 vezikuly nanometrov\u00fdch rozmerov. Tieto membr\u00e1nov\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary s\u00fa sekretovan\u00e9 v\u0161etk\u00fdmi druhmi buniek a obsahuj\u00fa lipidy, prote\u00edny a r\u00f4zne druhy nukleov\u00fdch kysel\u00edn. EVs zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa mikrovezikuly (MV), exoz\u00f3my, onkoz\u00f3my, argoz\u00f3my<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[290],"tags":[615,1853,1851,1852],"class_list":["post-2390","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genetics","tag-biomarkers","tag-exosomes-en","tag-extracellular-vesicles","tag-microvesicles","typ_clanku-review-article"],"acf":{"abstrakt":"

The term extracellular vesicles refers to a heterogeneous group of membrane structures released from the cell surface into the extracellular space. This group includes, for example, exosomes, microvesicles, or apoptotic bodies. They differ in size, content, and how they are formed, they may arise endosomally or are released directly from the plasma membrane. Extracellular vesicles are part of many physiological and pathophysiological processes. They are produced by almost all cell types under strictly specific conditions, bearing detailed information about the cell contents. They can be found in various body fluids, such as urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk, and saliva. For these reasons, extracellular vesicles are very suitable tools for identifying known and new biomarkers in clinical samples.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong> extracellular vesicles, exosomes, microvesicles, biomarkers<\/p>\n","casopis":[{"ID":2417,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-02-08 13:25:20","post_date_gmt":"2022-02-08 12:25:20","post_content":"Druh\u00e9 vydanie \u010dasopisu laborat\u00f3rnej medic\u00edny 2021\/2<\/strong>\r\n

    \r\n \t
  • Molekul\u00e1rny mechanizmus karcinogen\u00e9zy indukovanej prostredn\u00edctvom bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Extracelul\u00e1rne vezikuly a ich potenci\u00e1lne vyu\u017eitie v klinickej praxi<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Detection of copy number variation from low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Lengths of circulating DNA fragments as a promising predictor of cancer stage<\/li>\r\n \t
  • Vyu\u017eitie hmotnostnej spektrometrie v diagnostike por\u00fach glykozyl\u00e1cie<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","post_title":"newslab","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"newslab-7","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-02-10 02:23:00","post_modified_gmt":"2022-02-10 01:23:00","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/casopis\/newslab-7\/","menu_order":0,"post_type":"casopis","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"strana":"88 - 91","upload_clanok":{"ID":2387,"id":2387,"title":"NEWSLAB 2-2021_Jurcik","filename":"NEWSLAB-2-2021_Jurcik-1.pdf","filesize":607507,"url":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/NEWSLAB-2-2021_Jurcik-1.pdf","link":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/extracellular-vesicles-and-their-potential-use-in-clinical-practice\/newslab-2-2021_jurcik-2-2\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"newslab-2-2021_jurcik-2-2","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":2390,"date":"2022-02-09 12:09:55","modified":"2022-02-09 12:09:55","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"application\/pdf","type":"application","subtype":"pdf","icon":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/document.png"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2390","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2390"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2390\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2390"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2390"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2390"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}