{"id":2523,"date":"2022-10-26T13:43:14","date_gmt":"2022-10-26T11:43:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/protinadorova-imunita-v-nadoroch-stitnej-zlazy\/"},"modified":"2022-10-26T13:46:32","modified_gmt":"2022-10-26T11:46:32","slug":"protinadorova-imunita-v-nadoroch-stitnej-zlazy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/protinadorova-imunita-v-nadoroch-stitnej-zlazy\/","title":{"rendered":"Antitumour immunity in tumours of the thyroid gland"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>*A rare case of autochthonous human dirofilariasis with the manifestation of pseudotumor of the epididymis caused by helminth Dirofilaria repens<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00davod<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1dory \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy patria medzi z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 onkologick\u00e9 choroby endokrinn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Postihuj\u00fa najm\u00e4 \u017eensk\u00fa popul\u00e1ciu. Zahr\u0148uj\u00fa \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum n\u00e1dorov, kde skor\u00e1 diagnostika m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam pre progn\u00f3zu pacientov. Probl\u00e9m predstavuj\u00fa pacienti s neskoro diagnostikovanou chorobou so vzdialen\u00fdmi org\u00e1nov\u00fdmi metast\u00e1zami, pr\u00edpadne diagnostikovan\u00ed v inoperabilnom \u0161t\u00e1diu. Z histologick\u00e9ho poh\u013eadu je problematick\u00e1 najm\u00e4 diferenci\u00e1lna diagnostika ben\u00edgnych a mal\u00edgnych n\u00e1dorov s folikul\u00e1rnou diferenci\u00e1ciou(1).<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1dorov\u00e9 mikroprostredie v\u00fdznamnou mierou ovplyv\u0148uje biologick\u00e9 vlastnosti n\u00e1doru. D\u00f4le\u017eitou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou n\u00e1dorov\u00e9ho mikroprostredia je aj protin\u00e1dorov\u00e1 imunita. Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 lymfocytov infiltruj\u00facich tumor (TIL) sa ukazuje ako potenci\u00e1lne zauj\u00edmav\u00fd prognostick\u00fd a predikt\u00edvny marker invaz\u00edvneho spr\u00e1vania mnoh\u00fdch n\u00e1dorov. Pochopenie \u00falohy imunitnej odpovede na progresiu malignity m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd klinick\u00fd dosah. Tieto znalosti s\u00fa stavebn\u00fdm kame\u0148om imunomodula\u010dnej terapie a potenci\u00e1lnej prevencie invaz\u00edvneho rastu n\u00e1dorov. Ovplyvnenie vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9ho p\u00f4sobenia medzi n\u00e1dorom a imunitou jedinca predstavuje s\u013eubn\u00fa oblas\u0165 v\u00fdskumu onkologickej terapie(2).<\/p>\n<p>D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 efektorov\u00e9 bunky imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu zasahuj\u00face priamo n\u00e1dorov\u00e9 bunky predstavuj\u00fa najm\u00e4 skupiny NK buniek (NK) a cytotoxick\u00fdch T-lymfocytov. Svoju \u00falohu zohr\u00e1va aj ne\u0161pecifick\u00e1 imunita, zahr\u0148uj\u00faca skupiny makrof\u00e1gov, dendritick\u00fdch buniek a polymorfonukle\u00e1rov. T\u00e1 predstavuje prv\u00fa obrann\u00fa l\u00edniu v boji proti transformovan\u00fdm bunk\u00e1m(3). Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 aj pri inici\u00e1cii a nasmerovan\u00ed adapt\u00edvnej imunitnej odpovede sprostredkovanej lymfocytmi. Klinick\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie ukazuj\u00fa, \u017ee schopnos\u0165 mal\u00edgnych buniek unika\u0165 pred imunitn\u00fdm syst\u00e9mom a tumorom vyvolan\u00e1 imunosupresia predstavuj\u00fa v\u00e1\u017enu prek\u00e1\u017eku \u00faspe\u0161nej terapie. Prostredn\u00edctvom tzv. kryc\u00edch mechanizmov s\u00fa n\u00e1dorov\u00e9 bunky schopn\u00e9 spo\u013eahlivo unikn\u00fa\u0165 imunitnej odpovedi.<\/p>\n<p>Cie\u013eom pr\u00e1ce bolo pos\u00fadi\u0165 aktiv\u00e1ciu protin\u00e1dorovej imunitnej odpovede vo folikul\u00e1rnych tumoroch \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy. Pr\u00e1ve folikul\u00e1rne tumory predstavuj\u00fa zauj\u00edmav\u00fd model n\u00e1dorovej transform\u00e1cie zahr\u0148uj\u00face spektrum histologicky a fenotypicky podobn\u00fdch chorobn\u00fdch zmien, s ben\u00edgnym ako aj mal\u00edgnym spr\u00e1van\u00edm. Pr\u00e1ca bola parci\u00e1lnou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou diplomovej pr\u00e1ce \u201eChorobn\u00e9 zmeny \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy, \u00faloha sialyz\u00e1cie a imunity v n\u00e1doroch \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy\u201c obh\u00e1jenej na Lek\u00e1rskej fakulte Univerzity Komensk\u00e9ho v Bratislave v roku 2021(4).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Metodika<\/h2>\n<p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00fd s\u00fabor pre anal\u00fdzu imunoprofilu buniek protin\u00e1dorovej imunity v n\u00e1doroch \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy tvorili pr\u00edpady folikul\u00e1rnych aden\u00f3mov a folikul\u00e1rnych karcin\u00f3mov. Ako kontrola boli hodnoten\u00e9 vzorky parenchymat\u00f3znej folikul\u00e1rnej strumy. S\u00fabor zahr\u0148oval 12 pr\u00edpadov ben\u00edgnych folikul\u00e1rnych aden\u00f3mov, 18 pr\u00edpadov mal\u00edgnych folikul\u00e1rnych karcin\u00f3mov a 10 pr\u00edpadov folikul\u00e1rnych str\u00fam bez n\u00e1dorovej transform\u00e1cie hodnoten\u00fdch ako kontroln\u00e1 skupina.<\/p>\n<p>Prepar\u00e1ty sme farbili imunohistochemicky na pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 CD4+ pomocn\u00fdch a CD8+ cytotoxick\u00fdch T-lymfocytov, CD20+ B-lymfocytov a CD68+ histiocytov. Odparaf\u00ednovan\u00e9 rezy boli opl\u00e1chnut\u00e9 3x 5 min\u00fat v PBS (fosf\u00e1tmi pufrovanom fyziologickom roztoku, 0,005 % Tween s pH 7,2) a revitalizovan\u00e9 s pou\u017eit\u00edm Dako PT Link (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Kalifornia, USA) pri pH 8.0. Prepar\u00e1ty boli n\u00e1sledne inkubovan\u00e9 1 hodinu s roztokom prim\u00e1rnej protil\u00e1tky pri izbovej teplote.<\/p>\n<p>Pou\u017eili sme:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>CD4 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Kalifornia, USA)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>ready to use<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>CD8 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Kalifornia, USA)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>ready to use<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>CD20 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Kalifornia, USA)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>ready to use<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>CD68 (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Kalifornia, USA)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>ready to use<\/p>\n<p>Po prepl\u00e1chnut\u00ed 3x 5 min\u00fat v PBS boli prepar\u00e1ty inkubovan\u00e9 20 min\u00fat so sekund\u00e1rnou protil\u00e1tkou tvorenou polym\u00e9rom proti kr\u00e1li\u010d\u00edm a my\u0161ac\u00edm prote\u00ednom konjugovan\u00fdm s chrenovou peroxid\u00e1zou Envision (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Kalifornia, USA) a po prepl\u00e1chnut\u00ed 3x 5 min\u00fat v PBS farben\u00e9 5 min\u00fat roztokom diaminobenzid\u00ednu. Prepar\u00e1ty boli n\u00e1sledne dofarben\u00e9 40 sek\u00fand v roztoku hematoxyl\u00ednu.<\/p>\n<p>Infiltr\u00e1cia tkaniva pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi bunkami bola vyjadren\u00e1 po\u010dtom buniek na 1 zorn\u00e9 pole (200x zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161enie), r\u00e1tan\u00e9 v 5 zorn\u00fdch poliach. V\u00fdsledky boli normalizovan\u00e9 vo\u010di priemern\u00e9mu po\u010dtu z\u00e1palov\u00fdch buniek v kontrolnej parenchymat\u00f3znej strume.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledky boli vyhodnoten\u00e9 \u0161tatisticky pomocou Graph Pad Prism (ver. 9.0). V\u00fdsledky boli analyzovan\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00edm Kruskal-Wallisovho neparametrick\u00e9ho testu s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm Dunnov\u00fdm posttestom a vyjadren\u00e9 ako priemer \u00b1 SEM. Hodnoty p &lt; 0,05 boli pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za signifikantn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>V\u00fdsledky<\/h2>\n<p>V n\u00e1doroch \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy sme pozorovali zmie\u0161an\u00fa chronick\u00fa z\u00e1palov\u00fa infiltr\u00e1ciu s dominanciou najm\u00e4 CD68+ histiocytov a n\u00e1sledne CD20+ B-lymfocytov. CD4+ a CD8+ T-lymfocyty boli zast\u00fapen\u00e9 menej n\u00e1padne.<\/p>\n<p>Hodnotenie zast\u00fapenia CD8+ cytotoxick\u00fdch T-lymfocytov preuk\u00e1zalo slab\u00fa a lo\u017eiskov\u00fa infiltr\u00e1ciu vo vzork\u00e1ch ben\u00edgneho folikul\u00e1rneho aden\u00f3mu a kontrolnej parenchymat\u00f3znej strumy. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed stupe\u0148 infiltr\u00e1cie tkaniva CD8+ lymfocytmi pr\u00edtomn\u00fd vo vzork\u00e1ch folikul\u00e1rneho karcin\u00f3mu, kde boli zachyten\u00e9 len nepo\u010detn\u00e9 CD8+ cytotoxick\u00e9 T-lymfocyty, nebol \u0161tatisticky signifikantn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Vo vzork\u00e1ch kontrolnej parenchymat\u00f3znej strumy a ben\u00edgneho folikul\u00e1rneho aden\u00f3mu boli pozorovan\u00e9 len nepo\u010detn\u00e9 CD4+ pomocn\u00e9 T-lymfocyty. Signifikantne v\u00fdznamnej\u0161iu infiltr\u00e1ciu pomocn\u00fdch T-lymfocytov, a to najm\u00e4 s vn\u00fatron\u00e1dorovou lokaliz\u00e1ciou, sme zachytili v pr\u00edpadoch mal\u00edgneho folikul\u00e1rneho karcin\u00f3mu.<\/p>\n<p>Hodnotenie zast\u00fapenia CD20+ B-lymfocytov nepreuk\u00e1- zalo signifikantn\u00e9 rozdiely medzi skupinami, CD20+ lymfocyty boli pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 len ojedinele, fok\u00e1lne sme zachytili konglomer\u00e1ty CD20+ B-lymfocytov, lokalizovan\u00e9 najm\u00e4 perivaskul\u00e1rne.<\/p>\n<p>Tkanivo \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy bolo najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie infiltrovan\u00e9 CD68+ histiocytmi, ktor\u00e9 vykazovali dif\u00faznu pozitivitu. Vo vzork\u00e1ch folikul\u00e1rneho aden\u00f3mu bola badate\u013en\u00e1 pravideln\u00e1 a stredne siln\u00e1 infiltr\u00e1cia histiocytmi, a to najm\u00e4 v okol\u00ed ciev. Nepozorovali sme rozdiely medzi hodnoten\u00fdmi skupinami.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Diskusia<\/h2>\n<p>Viacer\u00e9 vedeck\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie u\u017e v minulosti preuk\u00e1zali, \u017ee n\u00e1dorov\u00e1 transform\u00e1cia vedie k vzniku nov\u00fdch prote\u00ednov, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa vlastn\u00e9 samotn\u00e9mu organizmu. Organizmus ich vn\u00edma ako cudzorod\u00e9 a doch\u00e1dza k aktiv\u00e1cii imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Pochopenie princ\u00edpov protin\u00e1dorovej imunity sa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti st\u00e1va v\u00fdzvou pre vedeck\u00fd v\u00fdskum a otv\u00e1ra nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti terapie n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch chor\u00f4b. Realizovan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca mala za cie\u013e pos\u00fadi\u0165 protin\u00e1dorov\u00e9 imunitn\u00e9 mikroprostredie v r\u00f4znych n\u00e1doroch \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy. V\u00fdchodiskom pr\u00e1ce boli poznatky o zmen\u00e1ch sialyz\u00e1cie bunkov\u00fdch glykokonjug\u00e1tov po\u010das patologick\u00fdch zmien v tkanive \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy(1,5), ke\u010f\u017ee pr\u00e1ve povrchov\u00e1 sialyz\u00e1cia v\u00fdraznou mierou ovplyv\u0148uje schopnos\u0165 imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu rozpozn\u00e1va\u0165 antig\u00e9ny.<\/p>\n<p>Infiltr\u00e1cia \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy z\u00e1palov\u00fdmi bunkami je zn\u00e1my fenom\u00e9n sprev\u00e1dzaj\u00faci pomerne \u010dast\u00e9 autoimunitn\u00e9 z\u00e1paly \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy. Imunitn\u00fd syst\u00e9m zohr\u00e1va \u00falohu aj v patogen\u00e9ze n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch chor\u00f4b. Pomal\u00e1 progresia n\u00e1dorov\u00e9ho procesu pri diferencovan\u00fdch karcin\u00f3moch m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 s\u010dasti vysvetlen\u00e1 podielom imunitnej odpovede, ktor\u00e1 limituje rast tumoru a proces metast\u00e1zovania(6). V na\u0161ej \u0161t\u00fadii sme v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee protin\u00e1dorov\u00e1 imunitn\u00e1 odpove\u010f vo folikul\u00e1rnych l\u00e9zi\u00e1ch \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy je len slab\u00e1 a nev\u00fdrazn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Pri hodnoten\u00ed zast\u00fapenia buniek imunity pri n\u00e1doroch \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy sme pozorovali klesaj\u00faci trend infiltr\u00e1cie tkaniva CD8+ cytotoxick\u00fdmi T-lymfocytmi v z\u00e1vislosti od n\u00e1dorovej transform\u00e1cie. Pr\u00edpady folikul\u00e1rneho karcin\u00f3mu vykazovali len ve\u013emi slab\u00fa a nepravideln\u00fa infiltr\u00e1ciu. Rozdiel s\u00edce nebol signifikantn\u00fd, ide v\u0161ak o zauj\u00edmav\u00fd n\u00e1lez, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 v\u00fdznam pri regul\u00e1cii imunitnej odpovede v organizme. Jednou z pr\u00ed\u010din m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pr\u00e1ve vzostup sialyz\u00e1cie bunkov\u00fdch glyko konjug\u00e1tov v mal\u00edgnych n\u00e1doroch \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy, ktor\u00e1 dok\u00e1\u017ee maskova\u0165 ich rozpozn\u00e1vacie miesta(1).<\/p>\n<p>Infiltr\u00e1cia tumorov \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy bunkami protin\u00e1dorovej imunity je pod\u013ea realizovan\u00fdch v\u00fdskumov asociovan\u00e1 s lep\u0161\u00edm pre\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm pacientov(7,8). CD8+, CD4+ T-lymfocyty ako aj infiltr\u00e1cia B-lymfocytmi sa d\u00e1va do spojitosti s men\u0161\u00edmi rozmermi n\u00e1dorovej masy(8). Uva\u017euje sa, \u017ee by ni\u017e\u0161ia infiltr\u00e1cia tkaniva lymfocytmi pri karcin\u00f3moch mohla by\u0165 asociovan\u00e1 s hor\u0161ou progn\u00f3zu pre\u017e\u00edvania ako aj v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edmi n\u00e1dorov\u00fdmi l\u00e9ziami z d\u00f4vodu depriv\u00e1cie protin\u00e1dorovej imunity. Na druhej strane v\u0161ak predstavuje pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 CD8+ T-lymfocytov nez\u00e1visl\u00fd rizikov\u00fd faktor recid\u00edvy choroby(9). Autori uva\u017euj\u00fa \u017ee pr\u00e1ve ich vysok\u00fd podiel vedie k tomu, \u017ee sa st\u00e1vaj\u00fa nereakt\u00edvnymi proti n\u00e1dorov\u00e9mu antig\u00e9nu a neparticipuj\u00fa na de\u0161trukcii n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch buniek. Z toho h\u013eadiska nemus\u00ed nami pozorovan\u00fd trend poklesu infiltr\u00e1cie tkaniva CD8+ cytotoxick\u00fdmi T-lymfocytmi nazna\u010dova\u0165 nevyhnutne schopnos\u0165 mal\u00edgnych buniek unika\u0165 pred rozpozn\u00e1vacou schopnos\u0165ou imunitn\u00fdch mechanizmov jedinca a m\u00f4\u017ee sk\u00f4r poukazova\u0165 na zmenen\u00fa regul\u00e1ciu protin\u00e1dorovej imunity v tkanive.<\/p>\n<p>Opa\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1lez ako pri CD8+ cytotoxick\u00fdch T-lymfocytov sme pozorovali pri anal\u00fdze CD4+ pomocn\u00fdch T-lymfocytov, kde infiltr\u00e1cia tkaniva bola, naopak, signifikantne vy\u0161\u0161ia v pr\u00edpade folikul\u00e1rneho karcin\u00f3mu v kontraste s n\u00edzkymi hodnotami v pr\u00edpade folikul\u00e1rneho aden\u00f3mu a nen\u00e1dorovej parenchymat\u00f3znej strumy. Pr\u00e1ve CD4+ T-bunky s\u00fa \u00fastrednou zlo\u017ekou v riaden\u00ed imunitnej odpovede. Naivn\u00e9 CD4+ T-bunky maj\u00fa schopnos\u0165 diferenci\u00e1cie na jednu zo 4 odli\u0161n\u00fdch funk\u010dn\u00fdch skup\u00edn. Th1 diferenci\u00e1cia je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 najm\u00e4 pre podporu cytotoxickej odpovede sprostredkovanej CD8+ T-lymfocytmi. Navy\u0161e produktom t\u00fdchto buniek je IFN-\u03b3, ktor\u00fd v\u00fdznamne ovplyv\u0148uje imunog\u00e9nnos\u0165 n\u00e1dorov\u00fdch buniek, a teda je v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pri rozpozn\u00e1van\u00ed a elimin\u00e1cii mal\u00edgne transformovan\u00fdch buniek(10).<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1ve CD4+ T-lymfocyty sa ukazuj\u00fa dominantn\u00e9 aj v mal\u00edgnom papil\u00e1rnom karcin\u00f3me. Vysok\u00e9 zast\u00fapenie CD4+ T-lymfocytov bol pozorovan\u00fd najm\u00e4 v tumoroch v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch rozmerov(11). Tieto poznatky by mohli podporova\u0165 aj vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed podiel CD4+ T-lymfocytov v pr\u00edpade mal\u00edgneho folikul\u00e1rneho karcin\u00f3mu op\u00edsan\u00e9ho v na\u0161ej \u0161t\u00fadii.<\/p>\n<p>CD20+ B-lymfocyty ani CD68+ histiocyty nejavili n\u00e1padnej\u0161ie rozdiely pri porovnan\u00ed sledovan\u00fdch skup\u00edn a preva\u017ene vykazovali len ojedinel\u00fa lo\u017eiskov\u00fa pozitivitu lokalizovan\u00fa najm\u00e4 perivaskul\u00e1rne, men\u0161ie zast\u00fapenie som pozorovala v pr\u00edpade parenchymat\u00f3znej folikul\u00e1rnej strumy a v pr\u00edpade folikul\u00e1rneho karcin\u00f3mu bolo z\u00e1kladnou spolo\u010dnou \u010drtou vzoriek zhlukovanie histiocytov.<\/p>\n<p>Bychkov a spol. pouk\u00e1zali na rozdiely v percentu\u00e1lnom zast\u00fapen\u00ed membr\u00e1novej expresie CD20+ v pr\u00edpade mal\u00edgneho papil\u00e1rneho karcin\u00f3mu (8,4 %) a v pr\u00edpade ben\u00edgneho folikul\u00e1rneho aden\u00f3mu, v ktorom uviedli kompletn\u00fa absenciu imunoreaktivity(12). V na\u0161om pr\u00edpade hodnotenie zast\u00fape- nia CD20+ B-lymfocytov nepreuk\u00e1zalo signifikantn\u00e9 rozdiely medzi skupinami, CD20+ lymfocyty boli pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 lo\u017eiskovo a v minim\u00e1lnych intenzit\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>Publikovan\u00e9 vedeck\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa prevahu infiltr\u00e1cie tkaniva CD68+ histiocytmi v mal\u00edgnych n\u00e1doroch. Op\u00edsan\u00e1 bola signifikantne v\u00fdraznej\u0161ia pozitivita aj v pr\u00edpadoch mal\u00edgneho folikul\u00e1rneho karcin\u00f3mu v porovnan\u00ed s ben\u00edgnym folikul\u00e1rnym aden\u00f3mom. Ot\u00e1zna zost\u00e1va miera d\u00f4le\u017eitosti t\u00fdchto buniek v procese progresie a inv\u00e1zie tumoru(13). V na\u0161om s\u00fabore sme tak\u00e9to zmeny nepotvrdili.<\/p>\n<p>Bli\u017e\u0161ie pochopenie imunitn\u00e9ho mikroprostredia je \u017eiaduce najm\u00e4 z h\u013eadiska mo\u017enosti vyu\u017eitia t\u00fdchto poznatkov v r\u00e1mci diagnostick\u00e9ho a terapeutick\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu. Je dok\u00e1zan\u00e9, \u017ee r\u00f4zne bunky imunity hraj\u00fa v\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u00falohu v procese tumorigen\u00e9zy a ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa progn\u00f3zu pre\u017e\u00edvania pacientov. Aj ke\u010f na\u0161a pr\u00e1ca nepreuk\u00e1zala v\u00fdrazn\u00fa aktiv\u00e1ciu protin\u00e1dorovej imunity vo folikul\u00e1rnych l\u00e9zi\u00e1ch \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy, pon\u00faka nov\u00fd poh\u013ead na imunitn\u00e9 procesy pri n\u00e1dorovej transform\u00e1cii. Tieto poznatky maj\u00fa v\u00fdznam pre v\u00fdskum nov\u00fdch met\u00f3d cielenej imunoterapie pri onkologick\u00fdch l\u00e9zi\u00e1ch \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy v bud\u00facnosti.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>LITERAT\u00daRA<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Babal P, Janega P, Cerna A, et al. Neoplastic transformation of the thyroid gland is accompanied by changes in cellular Acta Histochem 2006; 108(2): 133-40.<\/li>\n<li>Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, et al. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor Nat Immunol 2002; 3(11): 991-8.<\/li>\n<li>Liu Y, Zeng G. Cancer and innate immune system interactions: translational potentials for cancer J Immunother 2012; 35(4): 299-308.<\/li>\n<li>Sajbidorova B. Chorobn\u00e9 zmeny \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy, \u00faloha sialyz\u00e1cie a imunity v n\u00e1doroch \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy. In Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of 2021; Comenius University: Bratislava.<\/li>\n<li>Janega P, Cerna A, Kholova I, et Sialic acid expression in autoimmune thyroiditis. Acta Histochem 2002; 104(4): 343-7.<\/li>\n<li>French JD, Haugen Thyroid-Specific T Cells in Patients With Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Implications for Immune-Based Therapies? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102(7): 2131-2132.<\/li>\n<li>Schreiber RD, Old LJ, Smyth Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity\u2019s roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science 2011; 331(6024): 1565-70.<\/li>\n<li>Cunha LL, Morari EC, Guihen AC, et Infiltration of a mixture of immune cells may be related to good prognosis in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77(6): 918-25.<\/li>\n<li>Cunha LL, Marcello MA, Nonogaki S, et CD8+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and COX2 expression may predict relapse in differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83(2): 246-53.<\/li>\n<li>Dighe AS, Richards E, Old LJ, et al. Enhanced in vivo growth and resistance to rejection of tumor cells expressing dominant negative IFN gamma Immunity 1994; 1(6): 447-56.<\/li>\n<li>French JD, Weber ZJ, Fretwell DL, et Tumor-associated lymphocytes and increased FoxP3+ regulatory T cell frequency correlate with more aggressive papillary thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95(5): 2325-33.<\/li>\n<li>Bychkov A, Jung Aberrant expression of CD20 in thyroid cancer and its clinicopathologic significance. Hum Pathol 2018; 71: 74-83.<\/li>\n<li>Proietti A, Ugolini C, Melillo RM, et Higher intratumoral expression of CD1a, tryptase, and CD68 in a follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma compared to adenomas: correlation with clinical and pathological parameters. Thyroid 2011; 21(11): 1209-15.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>*A rare case of autochthonous human dirofilariasis with the manifestation of pseudotumor of the epididymis caused by helminth Dirofilaria repens &nbsp; \u00davod N\u00e1dory \u0161t\u00edtnej \u017e\u013eazy patria medzi z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 onkologick\u00e9 choroby endokrinn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Postihuj\u00fa najm\u00e4 \u017eensk\u00fa popul\u00e1ciu. Zahr\u0148uj\u00fa \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum n\u00e1dorov, kde skor\u00e1 diagnostika m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam pre progn\u00f3zu pacientov. Probl\u00e9m predstavuj\u00fa pacienti s neskoro diagnostikovanou chorobou<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[297],"tags":[1955,1952,1143,1049,1953,1954],"class_list":["post-2523","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-pathology","tag-anti-tumour-immunity","tag-nadory-stitnej-zlazy-en","tag-protinadorova-imunita-en","tag-stitna-zlaza-en","tag-thyroid","tag-thyroid-tumours","typ_clanku-original-work"],"acf":{"abstrakt":"<p>Tumour genesis is accompanied by the activation of antitumour immunity, which has the potential to influence the biological behaviour of the tumour. The present study aimed to describe the immune response in transformed thyroid tissue. We evaluated 40 histological samples of different thyroid follicular lesions, including benign follicular adenomas, malignant follicular carcinomas, and non-neoplastic follicular goitre. The study focused on immunophenotyping of the various components of the immune response. It appears that the antitumor immune response in follicular thyroid lesions is only weak and insignificant. The mixed chronic inflammatory infiltration in thyroid tumours with a predominance of histiocytes and B-lymphocytes were observed. T lymphocytes were less prominently represented. The study showed a significant increase in tissue infiltration by CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes in malignant follicular carcinomas compared to benign adenomas and control goitres. Expanding the knowledge of the role of individual immune cells may represent an important perspective of research in understanding neoplastic transformation in thyroid tissue.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> thyroid, thyroid tumours, anti-tumour immunity<\/p>\n","casopis":[{"ID":2437,"post_author":"7","post_date":"2022-10-26 08:29:25","post_date_gmt":"2022-10-26 06:29:25","post_content":"<strong>newslab 1\/2022<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Using immunohistochemistry to examine MMR protein expression in endometrial tumours is a suitable method for the primary selection of potential cases with Lynch syndrome<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Metabolomics: a\u00a0potential tool for an individual approach to depressive diseases<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The role of epigenetics in endometrial cancer<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Vaccine vulnerabilities: can we prevent them?\r\n\u2013 SARS-CoV-2 case study<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","post_title":"newslab","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"newslab-9","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-10-26 08:32:07","post_modified_gmt":"2022-10-26 06:32:07","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/casopis\/newslab-9\/","menu_order":0,"post_type":"casopis","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"strana":"9-13","upload_clanok":{"ID":2521,"id":2521,"title":"NEWSLAB 1-2022_\u0160ajbidorov\u00e1 - imunologia","filename":"NEWSLAB-1-2022_Sajbidorova-imunologia.pdf","filesize":1087590,"url":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/NEWSLAB-1-2022_Sajbidorova-imunologia.pdf","link":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/protinadorova-imunita-v-nadoroch-stitnej-zlazy\/newslab-1-2022_sajbidorova-imunologia-2\/","alt":"","author":"7","description":"","caption":"","name":"newslab-1-2022_sajbidorova-imunologia-2","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":2523,"date":"2022-10-26 11:34:49","modified":"2022-10-26 11:34:49","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"application\/pdf","type":"application","subtype":"pdf","icon":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/document.png"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2523","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2523"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2523\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2523"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2523"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newslab.sk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2523"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}